A Review on Extraction Solvents in the Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction

Abstract

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a novel sample preparation technique that has higher level of extraction efficiency by means of relying on microvolumes of solvents. It has gained considerable attention from researchers owing to several advantages such as its simplicity, shorter extraction time, lower cost and higher enrichment factor. In conventional DLLME, chlorinated solvents are widely used as the extraction solvents. Notwithstanding, most of these solvents are reportedly toxic and environmentally-unfriendly. Many related studies in recent years have focused on the use of nontoxic or low toxic extraction solvents and better practical procedures, which have helped improve the extraction efficiency. The aim of this review is to discuss the development of low toxic extraction solvent used recently in the DLLME. The possible improvement of extraction solvent from the green analytical chemistry perspectives is also discussed.

Response surface optimization of a vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for highly sensitive determination of repaglinide in environmental water by HPLC/UV

“…High density halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as chloroform and dichloromethane usually were used but they are highly toxic [ 38 ]. Other low-density solvents such as long-chain alcohols are suitable alternative extractants [ 39 ]. Based on preliminary experiments, it was found that long-chain alcohols such as 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, and 1-dodecanol were good extractants of repaglinide (Additional file 1 : Fig.…”

Emerging Extraction Strategies in Analytical Chemistry

“…To illustrate performance level, DLLME was used recently for extraction of polybrominated biphenyls in real water samples, and during 2 min of DLLME the target analytes were preconcentrated by a factor of 211–245 into 30 μL of CCl 4 . Recent reviews discuss DLLME progress in much more detail. − Current research includes among others implementation of less toxic solvents, automation, hyphenation with nanoparticles, and combination of DLLME with other extractions methods such as SPE, SBSE, and supercritical fluid extraction . Experiments with less toxic solvents include hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and diethyl carbonate .…”

Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Determination of Different Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water

“…In recent years, environmentally friendly solvents have also become attractive for the development of “green” chemistry. In this way, surfactants, low-toxic brominated and other derivates of hydrocarbons [ 26 ], deep eutectic solvents (DES) [ 27 , 28 ], ionic liquids (ILs) [ 29 ], etc., have been utilized in the developed methods to decrease toxicity of systems. On the other hand, the large-scale use of ionic liquids results in significant material costs and difficulties in understanding their mechanism of action due to the lack of studies.…”