A review on multilayer radiation shielding

Sazali, Muhammad Arif; Rashid, Nahrul Khair Alang Md; Hamzah, Khaidzir

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/555/1/012008

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We investigate several multilayered shielding designs using multiple alternating photon and neutron shields as a more effective means to attenuate secondary radiation produced in each shielding layer. While multilayered shielding has been studied in the past for a variety of applications, 14 this work investigates the efficacy of multilayered shielding designs with the mixed photon and neutron radiation field characteristic of preclinical and clinical bremsstrahlung-based radiotherapy machines. While multilayered shielding has been applied to fission spectra, 15,16 photoneutron spectra produced in MV radiotherapy system can be at a significantly higher energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo simulation of shielding designs for a cabinet form factor preclinical MV‐energy photon FLASH radiotherapy system

et al. 2023

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Purpose A preclinical MV‐energy photon FLASH radiotherapy system is being designed at Stanford and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Because of the higher energy and dose rate compared to conventional kV‐energy photon laboratory‐scale irradiators, adequate shielding in a stand‐alone cabinet form factor is more challenging to achieve. We present a Monte Carlo simulation of multilayered shielding for a compact self‐shielding system without the need for a radiation therapy vault. Methods A multilayered shielding approach using multiple alternating layers of high‐Z and low‐Z materials is applied to the self‐shielded cabinet to effectively mitigate the secondary radiation produced and to allow the device to be housed in a Controlled Radiation Area outside of a radiation vault. The multilayered shielding approach takes advantage of the properties of high‐Z and low‐Z radiation shielding materials such as density, cross‐section, atomic number of the shielding elements, and products of radiation interactions within each layer. The Monte Carlo radiation transport code, FLUKA, is used to simulate the total effective dose produced by the operation. Results The multilayered shielding designs proposed and simulated produced effective dose rates significantly lower than monolayer designs with the same total material thickness at the regulatory boundary; this is accomplished through the manipulation of the locations where secondary radiation is produced and reactions due to material properties such as neutron back reflection in hydrogen. Borated polyethylene at 5 wt% significantly increased the shielding performance as compared to regular polyethylene, with the magnitude of the reduction depending upon the order of the shielding material. Conclusions The multilayered shielding provides a path for shielding preclinical FLASH systems that deliver MV‐energy bremsstrahlung photons. This approach promises to be more efficient with respect to the shielding material mass and space claim as compared to shielded vaults typically required for clinical radiation therapy with MV photons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo simulation of shielding designs for a cabinet form factor preclinical MV‐energy photon FLASH radiotherapy system

et al. 2023

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“…A multilayer shield comprises at least two layers of various materials. In this arrangement, the incoming radiation will have more opportunities to be dissipated and absorbed by the shield [104]. Multilayer composite shields are useful for attenuating mixed radiation.…”

Section: Nature Of Reinforcersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in reinforced composite design for ionizing radiation shielding applications: a review

2021

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This review explored recent developments in reinforced composite design and applications for improved radiation shielding and high percentage attenuation. Radiation energy moves as a wave. Thus unguarded exposure to high-energy radiation is inimical to the human tissue and the overall health standing of individuals which may result in cancer, tumour, skin burns and cardiovascular diseases. Radiation energy is conventionally contained using lead-based shields. However, recent literature has faulted the continued use of lead citing drawbacks such as high toxicity, poisoning, lack of chemical stability, heaviness and hazardous after life handling. Consequently, the trending research evidence has shown mass deviation towards the use of reinforced polymer composite as an alternative to lead due to their light weight, low cost, high resilience, good mechanical tenacity and interesting electrical properties. The present review therefore summarizes the criteria for ionizing radiation shielding material design, mechanism of radiation energy shielding, beam penetration in composite shielding materials, theoretical shielding parameters in the design of radiation protective materials, scheme of reinforced composite material selection for shielding purposes and various control variables in the design of composite for ionizing radiation shielding. In addition, an attempt was made to highlight gaps in research and draw future scope for further studies. It is expected that this review will give some guidance to the future exploration in the design and application of reinforced composite with respect to ionizing radiation shielding processes.

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“…Due to the current rapid advancement of technology and the necessity for ionizing radiation in many areas, including nuclear power plants, medicine, research facilities, and industry, gamma and X-ray utilization has taken on a high concern. It requires protecting the environment, people, patients, workers, and the public against its risks [ 1 , 2 ]. Lead and concrete are well-known materials for radiation protection, with concrete being one of the most popular materials used in radiation therapy facilities and nuclear reactors to protect against radiation leakage from radioactive sources [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma Attenuation Features of White Cement Mortars Reinforced by Micro/Nano Bi2O3 Particles

et al. 2023

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This study aims to explore the radiation protection properties of white mortars based on white cement as a binder and Bi2O3 micro and nanoparticles in proportions of 15 and 30% by weight as replacement sand. The average particle size of micro- and nano-Bi2O3 was measured using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The cross-sectional morphology and distribution of Bi2O3 within the samples can be obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing that nanoscale Bi2O3 particles have a more homogeneous distribution within the samples than microscale Bi2O3 particles. The shielding parameters of the proposed mortars were measured using the HPGe detector at various γ-ray energies emitted by standard radioactive point sources 241Am, 133Ba, 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu. The experimental values of the prepared mortars’ mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) match well with those determined theoretically from the XCOM database. Other shielding parameters, including half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective electron density (Neff), effective atomic number (Zeff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), and exposure buildup factor (EBF), were also determined at different photon energies to provide more shielding information about the penetration of gamma radiation into the selected mortars. The obtained results indicated that the sample containing 30% by weight of nano Bi2O3 has the largest attenuation coefficient value. Furthermore, the results show that the sample with a high concentration of Bi2O3 has the highest equivalent atomic numbers and the lowest HVL, TVL, MFP, and EBF values. Finally, it can be concluded that Bi2O3 nanoparticles have higher efficiency and protection compared to microparticles, especially at lower gamma-ray energies.

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A review on multilayer radiation shielding

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Monte Carlo simulation of shielding designs for a cabinet form factor preclinical MV‐energy photon FLASH radiotherapy system

Monte Carlo simulation of shielding designs for a cabinet form factor preclinical MV‐energy photon FLASH radiotherapy system

Trends in reinforced composite design for ionizing radiation shielding applications: a review

Gamma Attenuation Features of White Cement Mortars Reinforced by Micro/Nano Bi2O3 Particles

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