“…Among the AOPs, photocatalysis has proven to be fast, low operating cost, chemical free, environmentally friendly, highly stable, and has high removal efficiency for recalcitrant contaminants from water. In photocatalysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during oxidation processes when a semiconductor is captured by light (Durodola et al, 2023;Solayman et al, 2023).…”