A Review on Recent Advancements of Graphene and Graphene-Related Materials in Biological Applications

Abstract

Graphene is the most outstanding material among the new nanostructured carbonaceous species discovered and produced. Graphene’s astonishing properties (i.e., electronic conductivity, mechanical robustness, large surface area) have led to a deep change in the material science field. In this review, after a brief overview of the main characteristics of graphene and related materials, we present an extensive overview of the most recent achievements in biological uses of graphene and related materials.

Covalent organic functionalization of graphene nanosheets and reduced graphene oxidevia1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide

“…23 Notably, graphene composites have been tailored to have desired solubility and stability, 24,25 tunable optical, electric, thermal, and mechanical properties, [26][27][28][29][30] enhanced catalytic capability, 31,32 and biological interactions. 31,[33][34][35] Moreover, where the 3-dimensionality of graphene-based materials becomes fundamental, like in gas and energy storage applications, [36][37][38][39] the modication of graphene's surface with heteroatoms or functional groups allows enhanced performance. [40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Nonetheless, to nely control or intentionally design the binding sites of functionalizing molecules on graphene's surface while preserving the high quality of its unique structure remains an open challenge.…”

Recent Studies on Dispersion of Graphene–Polymer Composites

“…The solute-solvent systems divide the intermolecular interactions between the solvent and graphene into three dispersive (D), polar (P), and hydrogen bonding (H) components [63][64][65]. The Hansen solubility parameter calculates There are many reviews available about graphene, its derivatives, and its composites for different applications [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. However, there is only limited information about the preparation of stable graphene dispersions and the factors to be considered during their preparation.…”

“…There are many reviews available about graphene, its derivatives, and its composites for different applications [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. However, there is only limited information about the preparation of stable graphene dispersions and the factors to be considered during their preparation.…”

Self-Assembling Peptides and Carbon Nanomaterials Join Forces for Innovative Biomedical Applications

“…Graphene-based materials come in different form and size and their classification has been reviewed [ 172 ]. Graphene’s unique physicochemical properties, high conductivity and tensile strength, and low density have attracted great interest for biological applications [ 173 , 174 ]. As can be seen from Table 1 , graphene oxide is possibly the most studied type of derivative to generate biomaterials scaffold, in light of its higher dispersibility in water relative to graphene.…”