A review on recent trends in solidification and stabilization techniques for heavy metal immobilization

Permeable Concrete Barriers to Control Water Pollution: A Review

“…As mentioned in Section 1, the presence of amorphous and crystalline hydration phases within the hardened permeable concrete provides sites for the chemical and physical entrapment of different anions and cations. This structural feature is employed in permeable concrete to remove different organic and inorganic pollutants from the water and entrap them within the material structure [6,8,12,[15][16][17][18][19]21,24,25,[27][28][29][30][31]36,38,40,41,48,49,62,63,93,103,[151][152][153]. In this respect, monolith samples of permeable concrete are prepared either in the form of disks, cylinders, or cubes, characterized, and then tested for their potential application in removing pollutants (Figure 10).…”

“…Conventional cement-based materials are heavily used in the construction sector and in environmental protection and restoration. In particular, the application of these materials in environmental protection encompass many fields, including rock repair and enforcement, the design of disposal facilities for hazardous and radioactive wastes, the stabilization and solidification of hazardous and radioactive contaminants, and water and wastewater treatment [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. This wide range of applications is supported by the low cost of these materials and their availability, the accumulated knowledge and experience from operating these materials, and the ease of engineering the hardened materials that ensures the attainment of the required performances.…”

“…Permeable concrete, also known as pervious concrete, is a subclass of cement-based materials that is tailored to have a characteristic interconnected and tortuous macroporous structure by eliminating the use of fine aggregates [22][23][24][25]. This subclass of cement-based materials is receiving increased interest in research to enhance its application in the prevention and control of water pollution due to its following characteristics [5,8,[16][17][18][19][20]22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]:…”