A review on sources and extraction of phenolic compounds as precursors for bio-based phenolic resins

Basafa, Mahsan; Hawboldt, Kelly

doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01408-x

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…The lack of correlation between the gravimetrically determined non-volatiles and the chemically-determined phenols was related to phenol loss while drying at 105 • C. These results agree with those found in previous studies in which significant concentrations of phenol compounds were observed in the volatile fractions of hemp fast pyrolysis (up to 560 • C) [27] and in the hemp slow pyrolysis distillates [20]. The main constituents found include monophenols, phenol derivatives, guaiacols and syringols [28,29].…”

Section: Characterization Of the Slow Pyrolysis Volatile Fractionssupporting

confidence: 90%

Characterization of the Compounds Released in the Gaseous Waste Stream during the Slow Pyrolysis of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2022

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This study aims to characterize and valorize hemp residual biomass by a slow pyrolysis process. The volatile by-products of hemp carbonization were characterized by several methods (TGA, UV-VIS, TLC, Flash Prep-LC, UHPLC, QTOF-MS) to understand the pyrolysis reaction mechanisms and to identify the chemical products produced during the process. The obtained carbon yield was 29%, generating a gaseous stream composed of phenols and furans which was collected in four temperature ranges (F1 at 20–150 °C, F2 at 150–250 °C, F3 at 250–400 °C and F4 at 400–1000 °C). The obtained liquid fractions were separated into subfractions by flash chromatography. The total phenolic content (TPC) varied depending on the fraction but did not correlate with an increase in temperature or with a decrease in pH value. Compounds present in fractions F1, F3 and F4, being mainly phenolic molecules such as guaiacyl or syringyl derivatives issued from the lignin degradation, exhibit antioxidant capacity. The temperature of the pyrolysis process was positively correlated with detectable phenolic content, which can be explained by the decomposition order of the hemp chemical constituents. A detailed understanding of the chemical composition of pyrolysis products of hemp residuals allows for an assessment of their potential valorization routes and the future economic potential of underutilized biomass.

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Section: Characterization Of the Slow Pyrolysis Volatile Fractionssupporting

confidence: 90%

Characterization of the Compounds Released in the Gaseous Waste Stream during the Slow Pyrolysis of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2022

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“…Lignin can be transformed into chemicals and energy (Yang et al, 2018; Zhang, 2013). Since phenolic monomers serve as biofuel precursors and are valuable chemicals for commodity products, getting the highest liquid yields possible is preferred (Basafa & Hawboldt, 2021). However, lignin is a more heat‐resistant biomass component than cellulose and hemicellulose, with a typical decomposition temperature of 277°C–497°C (Kacik et al, 2016).…”

Section: Pyrolysis Of Plant Biomass Assisted By Ilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on how ionic liquids enhance the pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose toward a circular economy

Eqbalpour

Andooz

Kowsari

et al. 2023

WIREs Energy & Environment

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The sustainable use of plant biomass (PB) to produce new valuable compounds helps alleviate the world's excessive reliance on fossil fuels. Among the different processes available, pyrolysis has drawn significant attention for its efficiency in converting PB (including lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) into solid, liquid, and gas products by thermal degradation. Moreover, the participation of ionic liquids (ILs) in the pyrolysis process can further facilitate this process, improve the quality of pyrolysis products, and enhance the operational parameters. This review article presents an in‐depth examination of how ILs enhance the pyrolysis of lignin, cellulose, and lignocellulose toward sustainability and circular economy (CE). The structural chemistry of the components of PB, namely cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, is first discussed. Furthermore, the role of ILs in the pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose is thoroughly investigated. These roles include pre‐treating agent before pyrolysis, catalyst after or during pyrolysis, template during pyrolysis, and extractant after pyrolysis. In the following, the sustainability of PB pyrolysis with the participation of ILs is examined from three aspects: environmental, social, and economical. Finally, the PB pyrolysis was investigated from the CE aspect. There is no doubt that the participation of ILs in the pyrolysis process positively affects the operating conditions and product quality, so the whole process is only one step away from complete sustainability. This article is categorized under: Sustainable Development > Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Energy > Bioenergy Climate and Environment > Circular Economy

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“…The oxidative degradation process of this resin plays a pivotal role in influencing the ablation behavior and thermal protection efficacy of the thermal protection system. 3,4 Specifically, the properties of the gaseous products of oxidation degradation directly determine the internal pressure distribution and surface gas distribution of the ablative material, thereby indirectly affecting the incoming heat flux density and the ablation behavior of the composite material. The activation energy of oxidation degradation controls the heat dissipation effect provided by the thermal decomposition of the resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness, the phenol-formaldehyde resin has been widely used in various fields, such as household, automotive, and electronic products. Meanwhile, phenol-formaldehyde resin is also a research hotspot for lightweight and sustainable green applications. − PF extensively utilized in ablative thermal protection systems undergoes a series of physicochemical transformations during its thermal degradation process at elevated temperatures. The oxidative degradation process of this resin plays a pivotal role in influencing the ablation behavior and thermal protection efficacy of the thermal protection system. , Specifically, the properties of the gaseous products of oxidation degradation directly determine the internal pressure distribution and surface gas distribution of the ablative material, thereby indirectly affecting the incoming heat flux density and the ablation behavior of the composite material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into Phenolic Resin Decomposition under Oxidative Conditions of High Temperature

Huang,

Zhao,

Cai

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin, a significant synthetic thermosetting polymer, is extensively utilized across diverse engineering domains. The exploration of the high-temperature oxidation mechanism of PF resin is pivotal to enhancing its thermal stability. However, current research lacks a comprehensive study on the pyrolysis mechanism of PF resin under different oxidizing conditions. Herein, this work systematically explores the pyrolysis mechanism of PF resin under various hightemperature oxidation environments by using pyrolysis experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The high-temperature oxidative cracking experiment revealed that the major liquid products from phenolic resin are single-ring aromatic compounds, such as phenol, benzene, and cresol. As the temperature increases, the proportion of phenol increases while that of m-cresol decreases. The Kissinger method determined the activation energies and mechanisms of the four-step oxidation reactions. ReaxFF simulations validate that the erosion products and mechanisms of oxygen on PF are consistent with the experiment and further explore the bombardment effects of different highenergy oxygen. It was found that oxygen caused greater damage to the resin than atomic oxygen by breaking bonds, such as C−H and C�C, producing a richer array of products. This study elucidates the reaction mechanisms of gaseous byproducts, including H 2 , OH, C 2 H 2 , and CO 2 , which are released during the oxygen bombardment process on phenolic resin. These findings offer new insight into the high-temperature pyrolysis of resin under extreme oxidative conditions and enrich our understanding of the complex interactions between material properties and environmental factors.

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A review on sources and extraction of phenolic compounds as precursors for bio-based phenolic resins

Cited by 23 publications

References 125 publications

Characterization of the Compounds Released in the Gaseous Waste Stream during the Slow Pyrolysis of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Characterization of the Compounds Released in the Gaseous Waste Stream during the Slow Pyrolysis of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

A comprehensive review on how ionic liquids enhance the pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose toward a circular economy

New Insights into Phenolic Resin Decomposition under Oxidative Conditions of High Temperature

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