A review on the accuracy of bladder cancer detection methods

Abstract

Background and purpose : Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumour in the urinary system, with a high incidence and recurrence rate. While the incidence of bladder cancer has been rising in recent years, the prevalence of bladder carcinoma is showing an increasing tendency in the younger age group. There are several methods to detect bladder cancer, but different methods have varying degrees of accuracy which intrinsically depends on the method's sensitivity and specificity. Our aim was to comprehensively summarize the current detection methods for bladder cancer based on the available literature, and at the same time, to find the best combination of different effective methods which can produce a high degree of accuracy in detecting the presence of cancerous cells in the bladder. Materials and Methods : We used key word retrieval method for searching related references in English that had been indexed in PubMed and Medline. Results and Discussion : This paper discussed the different detection methods and their sensitivities/specificities as well as the advantages and disadvantages. We summarized the best identified cancer cell detection methods with higher sensitivity/specificity. Conclusion : The results of this review can positively help to identify accurate methods for detecting bladder cancer and highlight areas to be further improved for future research work.

Silencing LINC00482 inhibits tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis through down-regulation of MMP-15 via FOXA1 in bladder cancer

“…Characterized by a high incidence and recurrence rate, bladder cancer is considered to be the most common malignant cancer of urinary system [ 15 ]. The current protocol for treatment still fails to overcome this challenge effectively.…”

Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Liquid Biopsies as Potential Biomarker for Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

“…It allows checking for abnormal areas and even to perform transurethral resection of bladder tumor, which can be used to confirm BC diagnosis by deep visualization of the bladder and muscle (if possible) and also serves as the first stage of treatment. However, cystoscopy is a highly invasive examination that can also cause pain and other complications [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Bladder cancer hunting: A microfluidic paper‐based analytical device

“…These biological signals are widely found in both blood and urine. However, urine sample detection is more popular because of its convenience and low-cost, with highest sensitivity and specificity up to 97.2% [29]. Among the biomarkers in the urine sample, bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bladder cancer detection [30,31].…”

“…Among the biomarkers in the urine sample, bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bladder cancer detection [30,31]. A recent survey showed that BTA in urine with a 56-99% of sensitivity and 72-85.7% of specificity in FDA approved tests, compared with 51-100% and 73-90% in NMP22, respectively [29,32,33]. Arya et al realized the detection of NMP22 and BTA based on ELISA combined with electrochemical method [34], and Geng et al developed a PDMS-based microfluidic chip to detect bladder cancer cells and tumor markers, also NMP22 and BTA, by fluorescence antibody reaction [35].…”