A review on the solid–liquid–vapor phase equilibria of acid gases in methane

Abstract

In spite of the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and their impact on the environment, the demand for natural/biogas will increase significantly in the coming few decades. To cover this demand, the global energy industry is continuously exploiting sour gas reserves located around the world. Nonetheless, sour gas has to be sweetened before the practical utilization of natural or biogas. The cryogenic separation technologies have emerged as a new technology to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S gases) from natural/biogas. The cryogenic separation produces less harmful gases, and can be less expensive to operate and maintain in comparison to the conventional technologies. To design cryogenic separation equipment, vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE), solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE), solid–vapor equilibrium (SVE), and solid–liquid–vapor equilibrium (SLVE) data for the corresponding binary systems (of CH4‐CO2, CH4‐H2S, and H2S‐CO2) and ternary system (of CH4‐H2S‐CO2) are required. The main target of this article is to review the SLVE data for the acid gases (CO2 and H2S) in methane (CH4) as the main constituent of natural/biogas. It will address SLVE data for the binary systems of CH4‐CO2, CH4‐H2S and H2S‐CO2 as well as the ternary system of CH4‐H2S‐CO2. It will not only address the available laboratory data, but it will also discuss, compare and evaluate the different models used to correlate/predict these data. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Natural Gas Sweetening Using an Energy-Efficient, State-of-the-Art, Solid–Vapor Separation Process

“…This step is essential to obtain NG within the standard pipeline specifications [3], as acid gases accelerate corrosion in pipelines and the equipment of liquefaction plants [4]. Many technologies are used for acid gas removal from NG, with amine scrubbing (physicochemical absorption) being the most common technique [5]. The sulfinol process is a common method used to this end, utilizing blends of sulfolane (as a physical solvent) and diisopropanolamine (DIPA) (as a chemical solvent) [6].…”

“…Hybrid technologies combine the benefits of conventional and nonconventional technologies into a single-unit operating system to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods and achieve improved or similar results at lower cost than nonconventional technologies [4]. For example, in the controlled freezing zone (CFZ) TM [20], the separation of acid gases from methane depends on freezing CO 2 and H 2 S to be removed from the mixture as solids [5,20]. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the solidification limits and the associated phase equilibria in sour NG mixtures in order to design and optimize the corresponding separation equipment [5].…”

“…For example, in the controlled freezing zone (CFZ) TM [20], the separation of acid gases from methane depends on freezing CO 2 and H 2 S to be removed from the mixture as solids [5,20]. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the solidification limits and the associated phase equilibria in sour NG mixtures in order to design and optimize the corresponding separation equipment [5]. Maqsood et al [21] developed a hybrid cryogenic network for separating CO 2 from a CH 4 -CO 2 mixture.…”