A review on the synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes

Molecular simulation of a reverse osmosis polyamide membrane layer. In silico synthesis using different reactant concentration ratios

“…As TMC monomers have a very low solubility in water, the chemical reactions take place in the organic phase as MPD monomers diffuse into it. Typical MPD concentrations in the aqueous phase range from 0.01 to 20.0 w/v % and for TMC in organic phase (mostly n-hexane) from 0.001 to 10 w/v % [18,59,14]. Depending on specific experimental conditions, authors report MPD to TMC concentration ratios between 1 and 200 [18,59].…”

“…As polymerization takes place, the medium changes drastically with the formation of the membrane and the process becomes even more complex. As presented in a very recent review by Habib and Weinman [14], many parameters can influence the synthesis process and the final properties of the membrane. The presence and nature of a supporting layer, MPD and TMC concentrations, reaction time, temperature, additives are amongst the most important parameters.…”

Recent Progress on the Solar‐Driven Interfacial Evaporation Based on Natural Products and Synthetic Polymers

“…Up to now, the relatively mature large‐scale production process is reverse osmosis method. [ 1 ] Chemical method is mainly ion exchange method. Because of its simple equipment, low initial investment, and good effluent quality, it is often used in seawater desalination projects.…”

Polyamide membranes enabled by covalent organic framework nanofibers for efficient reverse osmosis

“…State‐of‐the‐art RO membranes possess a thin‐film composite (TFC) configuration, which are composed of a fully aromatic polyamide separation layer and a tightly attached porous polysulfone (PSF) substrate 4,5 . Polyamide films (separation layers) are created by the polycondension between two multifunctional monomers, such as trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m ‐phenylenediamine (MPD) 6,7 . These monomers are individually dissolved in organic and aqueous solutions to provide a stable interface by two immiscible phases so that the insoluble polymeric film can be formed 8,9 .…”

“…4,5 Polyamide films (separation layers) are created by the polycondension between two multifunctional monomers, such as trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD). 6,7 These monomers are individually dissolved in organic and aqueous solutions to provide a stable interface by two immiscible phases so that the insoluble polymeric film can be formed. 8,9 Because the chlorine atoms in acid chlorides are electron-withdrawing groups, which endow the carbon atoms with enhanced electrophilicity, making acid chlorides more susceptible to the nucleophilic attacking of amines.…”