A roster of world cities

Cities as command and control centres of the world economy: An empirical analysis, 2006–2015

“…Such cities constitute the key nodes or command points that exercise power over other cities in a system of cities and, thus, the world economy. " World cities/global cities are generally characterized as extremely complex entities by each fundamental theory in the field (Friedmann, 1986;Sassen, 1991;Beaverstock et al, 1999;Hall, 2001;Taylor, 2004); therefore, they are described on the basis of very different principles. However, regardless of the substantial differences, there are some overlapping elements in these theories.…”

“…Since the introduction of Sassen's global city concept, it has become widely recognized that advanced producer service (APS) organizations are the distinctive feature of contemporary world city formation (Beaverstock et al, 1999). Furthermore, Peter J.…”

“…Taylor (2001) introduced his interlocking network model (INM) in which "globalised producer services firms are the key 'network makers' connecting cities in a 'world city network' (WCN)" (Derudder, Parnreiter, 2014). As a consequence of these major concepts (Sassen's global city theory and Taylor's interlocking network model), APS firms and banks have become the key agents of the world city formation (see, for example, Beaverstock et al 1999;Taylor et al, 2002;Derudder et al, 2003;Taylor, 2004;Derudder, Taylor, 2005;Hanssens et al, 2013;Neal, 2014;Taylor, 2014), and they have significantly contributed to the diminishment of the importance of TNCs as symbols of world cities.…”

Demystifying the Euro in European Financial Centre Relations: London and Frankfurt, 2000–20011

“…In fact, it is not at all clear in what sense 'London' directs 'Frankfurt' as a hierarchical process (Beaverstock et al, 1999, Taylor andHoyler, 2000).…”

European Spatial Development, the Polycentric EU Capital, and Eastern Enlargement

“…(Brunet, 1989) Several recent studies by private and public institutions are mapping the potential of cities beyond the so-called "Pentagon," the economic core of Europe circumscribed by London, Paris, Milan, Munich, and Hamburg (Kunzmann andWegener, 1991, Kunzmann, 1997). As early as 1999, the "Roster of World Cities" created by scholars from Loughborough University in England identified Budapest as a world city and Warsaw as manifesting evidence of world city formation (Beaverstock et al, 1999). favourable business environment; moreover, it notes that the city profits from its proximity to Helsinki and Stockholm, even though its own real estate is limited.…”