A sea lion optimized microstrip patch antenna for enhancing the energy efficiency of the WSN

Design and optimization of triangular microstrip patch antenna using extreme learning machine (ELM)‐based improved Crystal Structure Algorithm (CryStAl) for C‐band application

“…introduced methodology. The sum of the maximum value of gain (G) and minimum value of return loss (RL) is represented as the proposed CryStAl methods' single fitness function is given in Equation (13).…”

“…The initial parameters of the designed MPA with low-powered double T slots are fed into the Sea Lion Optimization Algorithm to attain a better frequency range based well-energy-efficient WSN antenna. 13 This model could be able to attain 5.79 db directivity, 2.5 db gain, and À19.2db return loss. In SVM, the statistical learning theory is used.…”

“…This can be used to replace the existing full‐wave electromagnetic simulation software. The initial parameters of the designed MPA with low‐powered double T slots are fed into the Sea Lion Optimization Algorithm to attain a better frequency range based well‐energy‐efficient WSN antenna 13 . This model could be able to attain 5.79 db directivity, 2.5 db gain, and −19.2db return loss.…”