A search for the space-time variations in the proton-to-electron mass ratio using the [Fe II] transitions

New Limit on Space-Time Variations in the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Analysis of Quasar J110325-264515 Spectra

“…The study concludes that the changing value of ∆µ/µ was below 10 −8 with a higher precision based on the standard statistical and systematic error deviation: σ 2 tot = σ 2 ∆µ/µ + σ 2 sys [22,58,60]. In this case, the present study provides an estimation of ∆µ/µ, an order magnitude better than previous studies using the same data [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. The expected result provides a strong limit to ∆µ/µ in comparison with previous results, which are indicated in Table 1, and the plot is illustrated in Figure 1, including the estimation of wavelength calibration, data reduction, and statistical and systematic errors using our previous method with high accuracy [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72].…”

“…These values have the same or opposite signs based on the dependent model that is applied to observation systems for testing the variations of α and µ with high accuracy. Based on the particular models, the unification parameters R and S have values of R = 273 ± 86 and S = 630 ± 230 relating to the unification scenarios [60,61]. In the present analysis, a combination of the Ritz wavelengths (the Ritz wavelengths are the wavelengths derived from the lower and upper levels of the transitions.…”

“…I obtained χ 2 -minimal for each one of the whole fits, and these were plotted as a general function of ∆µ/µ. The study concludes that the changing value of ∆µ/µ was below 10 −8 with a higher precision based on the standard statistical and systematic error deviation: σ 2 tot = σ 2 ∆µ/µ + σ 2 sys [22,58,60]. In this case, the present study provides an estimation of ∆µ/µ, an order magnitude better than previous studies using the same data [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72].…”

“…Astrophysical tests of ∆µ/µ using the H 2 absorption systems found ∆µ/µ ≤ 10 −5 at 2 ≤ z ≤ 3 [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. As for a single system toward Q 0528-250, results reported µ/µ = (0.3 ± 3.7) × 10 −6 , while the other study found µ/µ = −(3.5 ± 1.2) × 10 −7 and ∆µ/µ = (1.0 ± 4.7) × 10 −7 at z ≤ 1.0 using ammonia and methanol transitions of NH 3 and other rotational molecular transitions [69].…”

“…Theoretical and experimental astrophysics and cosmology predict that fundamental constants such as α and µ change with time and space during the evolution of the universe, which is an interesting problem for laboratory and observation work. The variations could be tested by using extra-galactic measurements and in a broad class of unification scenarios that are linked by the following relation [59,60]:…”