A second life for cigarette butts? A review of recycling solutions

Marinello, Samuele; Lolli, Francesco; Gamberini, Rita; Rimini, Bianca

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121245

Cited by 94 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, cellulose acetate filters have poor biodegradability and they can take up to 10 years to decompose under normal environmental conditions [ 12 ]. Therefore, when CBs are freely dispersed in the environment, they pose a critical problem in terms of toxic waste for the urban and aquatic life [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Aquatic animals regularly consume CBs mistaking it for food and they have been found in the stomachs of fish, birds, sea turtles, and other creatures, leading to serious digestive issues [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Torkashvand and Farzadkia (2019) focused on developing control models for CB littering, while Marinello et al (2019) analysed possible recycling techniques for CBs and evaluated the disadvantages and advantages of those methods studied [ 14 , 19 ]. In contrast, Kurmus and Mohajerani (2020) reviewed key research studies on the recycling of CBs and investigated their toxicological properties [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation of Recycling Cigarette Butts in Lightweight Bricks and a Proposal for Ending the Littering of Cigarette Butts in Our Cities

et al. 2020

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Our cities, parks, beaches, and oceans have been contaminated for many years with millions of tonnes of unsightly and toxic cigarette butts (CBs). This study presents and discusses some of the results of an ongoing study on recycling in fired-clay bricks. Energy savings: the energy value of CBs with remnant tobacco was found to be 16.5 MJ/kg. If just 2.5% of all bricks produced annually worldwide included 1% CB content, all of the CBs currently produced could be recycled in bricks, and it is estimated that global firing energy consumption could be reduced by approximately 20 billion MJ (megajoules). This approximately equates to the power used by one million homes in Victoria, Australia, every year. Bacteriological study: CBs were investigated for the presence of ten common bacteria in two pilot studies. Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected in fresh used CB samples, and Listeria spp. were detected in old used CB samples. All of the CB samples except the dried sample had significant counts of Bacillus spp. Some species of the detected bacteria in this study are pathogenic. Further confirmation and comprehensive microbiological study are needed in this area. The contact of naphthalene balls with CBs had a significant disinfecting effect on Bacillus spp. The implementation procedure for recycling CBs in bricks, odour from Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions in CBs, sterilization methods, CB collection systems, and safety instructions were investigated, and they are discussed. Proposal: when considering the combined risks from many highly toxic chemicals and possible pathogens in cigarette butts, it is proposed that littering of this waste anywhere in cities and the environment be strictly prohibited and that offenders be heavily fined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of Recycling Cigarette Butts in Lightweight Bricks and a Proposal for Ending the Littering of Cigarette Butts in Our Cities

et al. 2020

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“…Filter rokok non-pakai adalah istilah yang dipakai untuk menyebut filter rokok yang belum digunakan [1]. Pada penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada filter rokok non-pakai karena melihat urgensinya sebagai limbah pabrik.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Kemampuan Filter Rokok Non-Pakai Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Mengurangi Gas Emisi CO Dan HC

Hendianto

Hendrasarie

2020

JSE

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Air is the most important element for life. However, the air we breathe now tends to be dirty and not good for health. Air pollution occurs due to transportation activities. Cigarette filter manufacturers produce cigarette filters that are not suitable for use because they do not meet standards. This research utilizes an unused cigarette filter which can only become waste that was difficult to decompose by nature. This study aimed to assess the ability of unused cigarette filters to reduce gas emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen carbon (HC). This unused cigarette filter, known as an adsorbent, was made of highly absorbed cellulose acetate. These cigarette filter adsorbent has been studied on motorcycle exhausts since the 2000s. By modifying the type of cigarette filter, namely the ordinary cigarette filter in which carbon is added. The results showed that the unused cigarette filter was able to become an adsorbent for pollutants in the air, especially CO and HC. The type of cigarette filter that uses additional carbon has been shown to reduce CO and HC concentrations by 60% and 57.5%, respectively, than conventional cigarette filters.

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“…As regards the cellulosic starting material, beside agricultural scraps 9 , municipal paper wastes are gaining attention 14 . Among these latters, cigarette lters represent a neglected and no cost reservoir of cellulose acetate 15 , that is virtually boundless if considering that about 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced each year 16 . Notably, dirty cigarette butts (CBs) are considered a dangerous waste, because of the content of organic and heavy metals contaminants, therefore their use as starting raw materials is rather complex and essentially limited to production of asphalts, mesoporous carbon, and cellulose pulp [16][17][18] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of cigarette butts for top value-added chemicals: Levulinic Acid

Laurenza¹,

Losito

Casiello

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Levulinic acid (LA), one of the top value-added intermediates of chemical industry, can be obtained by thermal hydrolysis (at 200 °C) from cigarette butts (as cellulose feedstock) catalysed by phosphoric acidic. The protocol avoids the use of more aggressive H2SO4 and HCl, that are generally employed on several cellulose sources (e.g. sludge paper), thus minimizing corrosion phenomena of plants. Neither chemical pre-treatment of butts nor specific purification procedure of LA are required. Notably, by simply modifying acid catalyst (e.g. using CH3COOH), another top value-added fine chemical such as 5-hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (HMF) is obtained, thus widening the scope of the method.Being cigarette filters a waste available in quantities of megatonnes per year, they represent an unlimited at no cost source of cellulose, thus enabling the up-scale to an industrial level of LA production.

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A second life for cigarette butts? A review of recycling solutions

Cited by 94 publications

References 51 publications

Implementation of Recycling Cigarette Butts in Lightweight Bricks and a Proposal for Ending the Littering of Cigarette Butts in Our Cities

Implementation of Recycling Cigarette Butts in Lightweight Bricks and a Proposal for Ending the Littering of Cigarette Butts in Our Cities

Kemampuan Filter Rokok Non-Pakai Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Mengurangi Gas Emisi CO Dan HC

Valorization of cigarette butts for top value-added chemicals: Levulinic Acid

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