A short review on the comparison between Li battery systems and rechargeable magnesium battery technology

Abstract:The negative impact of the automotive industry on climate change can be tackled by changing from fossil driven vehicles towards battery electric vehicles with no tailpipe emissions. However their adoption mainly depends on the willingness to pay for the extra cost of the traction battery. The goal of this paper is to predict the cost of a battery pack in 2030 when considering two aspects: firstly a decade of research will ensure an improvement in material sciences altering a battery's chemical composition. Secondly by considering the price erosion due to the production cost optimization, by maturing of the market and by evolving towards to a mass-manufacturing situation. The cost of a lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: graphite) as well as silicon based lithium-ion battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: silicon alloy), expected to be on the market in 10 years, will be predicted to tackle the first aspect. The second aspect will be considered by combining process-based cost calculations with learning curves, which takes the increasing battery market into account. The 100 dollar/kWh sales barrier will be reached respectively between 2020-2025 for silicon based lithium-ion batteries and 2025-2030 for NMC batteries, which will give a boost to global electric vehicle adoption.

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“…It has superior energy density and is abundantly available, but is still in a very early phase [49].…”

Section: State Of the Art-roadmapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

et al. 2017

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“…294,295 The challenge to commercialise rechargeable Mg batteries is to develop anodically stable, and Mg 2+ ion conducting electrolytes which govern the electrode and cell performances. 296 In fact, it was known long ago that the solutions of organomagnesium salts and complexes in ethers or tertiary amines were compatible with the Mg negatrode, allowing for reversible Mg deposition and dissolution.…”

Section: Magnesium Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…297 Afterwards, highly inert ethereal solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethoxyethane (DME) and tetraglyme become the more popular solvents that are compatible with Mg and all other battery components. 298,299 Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to designing the salts, which must be highly soluble in these nonpolar solvents and electrochemically stable. Early studies indicated that although offering high charge density by the Mg 2+ ion, simple Mg salts such as Mg(ClO4)2 or Mg(PF6)2 failed to work in Mg batteries as the respective anions decomposed on, and passivated the Mg metal surface.…”

Section: Magnesium Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Xia

et al. 2017

Mater. Chem. Front.

233

116

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact eprints@nottingham.ac.uk Journal NameThis journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xxJ. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 Electrolyte is a key component of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and its properties greatly affect the energy capacity, rate performance, cyclability and safety of all EES devices. This article offers a critical review of recent progresses and challenges in electrolyte research and development particularly for supercapacitors and supercapatteries, recharegable batteries (such as lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries), and redox flow batteries (including fuel cells in a broad sense). The review will focus on liquid electrolytes, particularly aqueous and organic electrolytes, ionic liquids and molten salts. Influences of electrolyte properties on the performances of different EES devices are discussed in detail.

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“…13 Downloaded on 2018-05-12 to IP anisotropic channel character, would not allow filling of a larger part of the vacant sites although the number of them is high in o-Mo 9 Se 11 . 21 On the other hand, in the case of Chevrel compounds, Mo 6 X 8 (X = S, Se), with three-dimensional diffusion channel, 33 it is reported that both Li-and Mg-systems show the similar order capacity comparable with the theoretical capacity 11,12,[17][18][19][20]34,35 deduced from the molecular orbital model, 23 in which extra four electrons per formula unit form closed-shell configuration of bonding orbitals. The threedimensional diffusion channel could work effectively to reduce the energy increase by Coulomb repulsion between the inserted ions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Reversible Electrochemical Insertion/Extraction of Mg and Li Ions for Orthorhombic Mo₉Se₁₁with Cluster Structure

Taniguchi

Yoshino

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The reversible electrochemical insertion/extraction of Mg 2+ and Li + into/from a crystalline has been found in orthorhombic Mo 9 Se 11 (o-Mo 9 Se 11 ), the crystal structure of which is composed of molybdenum cluster units. The insertion/extraction reversibility of bivalent ion, Mg 2+ , could be ascribed to improvement of slow diffusion in the host lattice through the delocalization effect of electrons induced by cluster structure as supposed in Chevrel phase. The characteristic of Li/Mg-ion half-cell with o-Mo 9 Se 11 cathode, such as discharge curve and theoretical capacity, are discussed based on the electronic structure. A part of discharge curve in the insertion process of Li + was likely ascribed to the psuedogap structure in the density of state for the electronic band. The reversible capacity of o-Mg x Mo 9 Se 11 was below 40% of the theoretical capacity deduced from the molecular orbital model, whereas over 80% of that was observed in o-Li x Mo 9 Se 11 . The smaller reversible capacity for Mg 2+ could be ascribed to the Coulomb repulsion between bivalent Mg-ions confined in the one-dimensional channel of o-Mo 9 Se 11 , which highly prevents ion-insertion for bivalent Mg-ions compared with that for monovalent Li-ions. We suggest that both delocalized electronic structure and high dimensional ion-channel are necessary to realize reversible cathodes of Mg-ion battery with high capacity. Reversible electrochemical insertion/extraction of cations into/from materials is an important phenomenon from the view point of today's science and technology. In particular, reversible insertion/extraction of Li-ion is applied to secondary battery systems (Li-ion batteries) and has enabled realization of widely used portable devices such as cellular phones and lap-top computers.1-4 In recent years, an effort for developing new energy storage systems, which use ion-insertion mechanism, is being invested also in nonlithium-ion battery systems, such as sodium-ion, 5,6 potassium-ion 7,8 and multivalent-ion batteries. 9-16 Among them, Mg-ion battery is one of the fascinating battery systems due to its possible low cost and safety, which could be realized by rich resource and moderate reactivity of magnesium. [9][10][11][12] However, in most materials, the strong electrostatic interaction between introduced Mg 2+ and host lattice, which is due to bivalence of Mg 2+ , induces the slow solid state diffusion of Mg-ions within the crystal lattice and hampers reversible electrochemical insertion/extraction of Mg 2+ . 9,11,12 At present, the only family of insertion systems, into/from which reversible insertion/extraction of Mg-ions has been rigorously established, is Chevrel phases, Mo 6 X 8 (X = S, Se). These systems have demonstrated reversible insertion/extraction of Mg-ions over 1000 cycles and the capacity over 70 mAh/g, which is higher than those of other transition metal sulphides, as a cathode of Mg-ion battery at ambient temperature. 17,18 The successful performance of Chevrel phases as Mg-insertion materials is suggested...

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A short review on the comparison between Li battery systems and rechargeable magnesium battery technology

Cited by 226 publications

References 5 publications

Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Reversible Electrochemical Insertion/Extraction of Mg and Li Ions for Orthorhombic Mo₉Se₁₁with Cluster Structure

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A short review on the comparison between Li battery systems and rechargeable magnesium battery technology

Cited by 226 publications

References 5 publications

Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Reversible Electrochemical Insertion/Extraction of Mg and Li Ions for Orthorhombic Mo9Se11with Cluster Structure

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Product

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Reversible Electrochemical Insertion/Extraction of Mg and Li Ions for Orthorhombic Mo₉Se₁₁with Cluster Structure