A simple and compact smartphone accessory for quantitative chemiluminescence-based lateral flow immunoassay for salivary cortisol detection

Chemiluminescence lateral flow immunoassay cartridge with integrated amorphous silicon photosensors array for human serum albumin detection in urine samples

“…Their coupling with CL detec-tion has previously shown to improve analytical performance, including a higher sensitivity and the ability to provide quan-titative information [15][16][17][18]. This would therefore bring the range of applications as well as the analytical performance of LFIAs closer to that of conventional analytical instrumenta-tion.…”

“…Nevertheless, CL-LFIAs require multiple steps and dif-ferent reagents; thus, LFIAs devices should be properly de-signed to maintain the peculiarities of the LFIA technique, such as its amenability for on-field application. In this con-text, it is also important to implement simple, easy-touse and cheap but still highly sensitive signal detectors to fully exploit the quantitative potentiality of CL detection [18]. Indeed, integration of LFIAs with objective measurement technologies is considered one of the key aspects for next generation LFIAs [1].…”

“…In addition, the intensity of illumination is also very important to achieve the best detect-ability, especially for fluorescence-based assays, and this requires a large light power that hampers portability [14]. To this end, light imaging systems based on a charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera [15][16][17] or even a smartphone's complemen-tary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor [18] was employed for photons detection in CL-LFIAs.…”

Smartphone-based low light detection for bioluminescence application

“…Considering the 15-, 30-, and 60-second integration time of each single bioluminescence image from P. fluorescens M3A samples, it takes 45–180 seconds to acquire the optimal number of images to process with the NREA algorithm. The merits of the NREA algorithm are applicable for other low-light optical measurements, such as smartphone-based luminescence technique11151722, fluorescence detection278, and spectrometry28 to name a few.…”

“…Numerous smartphone-based analytical devices have been previously reported including: spectrometers12, microscopes1345, fluorimeters6789, colorimetric devices101112, and instruments for immunochemistry13 and microbiology14. Luminescence detection by mobile phones include a bio-luminescence assay to detect bile acid and chemo-luminescence assays for cholesterol detection15, lactate in oral fluid16, and salivary cortisol level17. Most of these chemo- and bioluminescence based assays utilize the lateral flow strip as their test substrate and report only relative comparisons of light intensities for the detection limit of the analyte concentration.…”