A simple and green liquid chromatography method for the determination of ibuprofen in milk‐containing simulated gastrointestinal media for monitoring the dissolution studies of three‐dimensional‐printed formulations

Abstract

A fast and green ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of ibuprofen in milk-containing simulated gastrointestinal media to monitor the dissolution of three-dimensional printed formulations. To remove interfering compounds, protein precipitation using methanol as a precipitation reagent was performed. The separation of the target analyte was performed on a C 18 column using a mobile phase consisting of 0.05% v/v aqueous phosphoric acid solution: methanol, 25:75% v/v. Method validation was conducted using the total error concept. The β-expectation tolerance intervals did not exceed the acceptance criteria of ±15%, meaning that 95% of future results will be included in the defined bias limits. The relative bias ranged between ─1.1 and +3.2% for all analytes, while the relative standard deviation values for repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 2.8% and 3.9%, respectively. The achieved limit of detection was 0.01 μg/ml and the lower limit of quantitation was established as 2 μg/ml. The proposed method was simple, and it required reduced organic solvent consumption following the requirements of Green Analytical Chemistry. The method was successfully employed for the determination of ibuprofen in real biorelevant media obtained from dissolution studies.

Blue applicability grade index (BAGI) and software: a new tool for the evaluation of method practicality

“…The assessment of the applicability of the analytical method is facilitated by using a desktop application (mostwiedzy.pl/bagi) or a corresponding web application (bagi-index.anvil.app) and enables the comparison of different analytical methods at a first glance. The biggest advantage of BAGI is the simplicity and ease of application, which was achieved by preparing an interesting web application that allows to quickly evaluate the 18 (c) androgens and progestogens in environmental water samples, 19 (d) ibuprofen in milk-containing simulated gastrointestinal media, 20 and (e) quinine in soft drinks. 21 method and copy a colourful pictogram presenting results of the We believe that the BAGI tool will gain attention and acceptance from the chemical community.…”

“…In this section, the utilization of the BAGI index web app is demonstrated. For this purpose, the new tool was used to evaluate the applicability of five different analytical methods dealing with the determination of antidepressants in postmortem whole blood and cerebrospinal liquor, 17 bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials' leachates, 18 androgens and progestogens in environmental water samples, 19 ibuprofen in milk-containing simulated gastrointestinal media, 20 and quinine in soft drinks. 21 The BAGI index pictograms for these methods are depicted in Fig.…”

“…In the fourth case study, the BAGI index was employed for the evaluation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UPLC-DAD) analytical method for the determination of ibuprofen in milk-containing simulated gastrointestinal media. 20 The rapid protein precipitation scheme and the analysis (2.5 min) resulted in a sample throughput of more than 10 h −1 . Common, commercially available reagents were used, while instrumentation currently available in most labs was required.…”

“…Fig.1BAGI index pictograms for five different analytical methods for the (a) determination of antidepressants in post-mortem whole blood and cerebrospinal liquor,17 (b) bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials' leachates,18 (c) androgens and progestogens in environmental water samples,19 (d) ibuprofen in milk-containing simulated gastrointestinal media,20 and (e) quinine in soft drinks 21. …”