A Simple Direct Empirical Observation of Systematic Bias of the Redshift as a Distance Indicator

Shamir, Lior

doi:10.3390/universe10030129

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…That explanation requires a modification in the physics of galaxy rotation, but as mentioned above, that physics is not yet fully known, and in fact is one of the most complex phenomena in nature. As discussed in Shamir (2024), such asymmetry can also be related to other observed anomalies of brightness of objects, such as the unexpected cosmological-scale dipole anisotropy in the brightness of Ia supernovae (McConville & Colgáin, 2023;Cowell et al, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…While that can be considered a coincidence, it might also be possible that the rotational velocity of the observed galaxies relative to the rotational velocity of the Milky Way can lead to slight changes in the brightness of the galaxies and consequently to a different number of objects as observed from Earth (Shamir, 2017a(Shamir, , 2020a. It can also have a subtle yet consistent impact on the redshift as observed from Earth (Shamir, 2024).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, several studies also suggested that the number of galaxies rotating in opposite directions is distributed Email: lshamir@mtu.edu Cite this article: Shamir L. (2024) Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 41, e038, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/pasa.2024.20 randomly (Iye & Sugai, 1991;Land et al, 2008;Hayes et al, 2017;Tadaki et al, 2020;Iye et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields

Shamir

2024

Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.

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The unprecedented imaging power of JWST provides new abilities to observe the shapes of objects in the early Universe in a way that has not been possible before. Recently, JWST acquired a deep field image inside the same field imaged in the past as the HST Ultra Deep Field. Computer-based quantitative analysis of spiral galaxies in that field shows that among 34 galaxies for which their rotation of direction can be determined by the shapes of the arms, 24 rotate clockwise, and just 10 rotate counterclockwise. The one-tailed binomial distribution probability to have asymmetry equal or stronger than the observed asymmetry by chance is ∼0.012. While the analysis is limited by the small size of the data, the observed asymmetry is aligned with all relevant previous large-scale analyses from all premier digital sky surveys, all show a higher number of galaxies rotating clockwise in that part of the sky, and the magnitude of the asymmetry increases as the redshift gets higher. This paper also provides data and analysis to reproduce previous experiments suggesting that the distribution of galaxy rotation in the Universe is random, to show that the exact same data used in these studies in fact show non-random distribution, and in excellent agreement with the results shown here. These findings reinforce consideration of the possibility that the directions of rotation of spiral galaxies as observed from Earth are not necessarily randomly distributed. The explanation can be related to the large-scale structure of the Universe, but can also be related to a possible anomaly in the physics of galaxy rotation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields

Shamir

2024

Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.

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An Empirical Consistent Redshift Bias: A Possible Direct Observation of Zwicky’s TL Theory

Shamir

2024

Particles

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Recent advancements have shown tensions between observations and our current understanding of the Universe. Such observations may include the H0 tension and massive galaxies at high redshift that are older than traditional galaxy formation models have predict. Since these observations are based on redshift as the primary distance indicator, a bias in the redshift may explain these tensions. While redshift follows an established model, when applied to astronomy it is based on the assumption that the rotational velocity of the Milky Way galaxy relative to the observed galaxies has a negligible effect on redshift. But given the mysterious nature of the physics of galaxy rotation, that assumption needed to be tested. The test was done by comparing the redshift of galaxies rotating in the same direction relative to the Milky Way to the redshift of galaxies rotating in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way. The results show that the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way is higher than the mean redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction. Additionally, the redshift difference becomes larger as the redshift gets higher. The consistency of the analysis was verified by comparing data collected by three different telescopes, annotated using four different methods, released by three different research teams, and covering both the northern and southern ends of the galactic pole. All the datasets are in excellent agreement with each other, showing consistency in the observed redshift bias. Given the “reproducibility crisis” in science, all the datasets used in this study are publicly available, and the results can be easily reproduced. This observation could be the first direct empirical reproducible observation for the Zwicky’s “tired-light” model.

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Asymmetry in Galaxy Spin Directions: A Fully Reproducible Experiment Using HSC Data

Shamir

2024

Symmetry

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The asymmetry in the large-scale distribution of the directions in which spiral galaxies rotate has been observed by multiple telescopes, all showing a consistent asymmetry in the distribution of galaxy spin directions as observed from Earth. Here, galaxies with a redshift from HSC DR3 are annotated by their direction of rotation, and their distribution is analyzed. The results show that galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way as observed from Earth are significantly more prevalent compared to galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way. The asymmetry also forms a dipole axis that becomes stronger when the redshift gets higher. These results are aligned with observations from virtually all premier digital sky surveys, as well as space telescopes such as the HST and the JWST. This shows that the distribution of galaxy spin directions as observed from Earth is not symmetrical, and has a possible link to the rotational velocity of the Milky Way. This experiment provides data, code, and a full protocol that allows the results to be easily reproduced in a transparent manner. This practice is used to overcome the “reproducibility crisis” in science.

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A Simple Direct Empirical Observation of Systematic Bias of the Redshift as a Distance Indicator

Cited by 3 publications

References 130 publications

Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields

Galaxy spin direction asymmetry in JWST deep fields

An Empirical Consistent Redshift Bias: A Possible Direct Observation of Zwicky’s TL Theory

Asymmetry in Galaxy Spin Directions: A Fully Reproducible Experiment Using HSC Data

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