A solid-in-oil nanodispersion for transcutaneous protein delivery

Engineering thermoresponsive polyether-based nanogels for temperature dependent skin penetration

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Nonetheless efficient transdermal administration of certain hydrophilic molecules of biomedical interest (peptides, proteins, hydrophilic drugs, etc.) is still a challenge due to the protecting barrier function performed by the highly organized stratum corneum (SC) in the skin.…”

Oil-Frozen W1/O/W2 Double Emulsions for Dermal Biomacromolecular Delivery Containing Ethanol as Chemical Penetration Enhancer

“…4 Achieving therapeutic levels has been difficult for drug molecules of larger than 500 Da. [5][6][7] The stratum corneum (SC) forms a very effective barrier to most exogenous substances, including drugs, due to its multilayered wall-like structure, 6,8,9 although extended hydration can disrupt it. [10][11][12][13] Chemical penetration enhancers are substances that can improve the absorption of a penetrant (drug) through the skin by inducing a structural change in the SC.…”

Therapy for portal hypertension

“…Therefore, passive or/and active methods4 have been proposed to enhance the permeability of the SC. Passive methods include hydration,5,6 the use of penetration enhancers,7–9 and ways of formulating suspensions/solutions of the active ingredient 10–12. The limitation in the application of passive methods lies in that they can have a delivery time of up to several hours, hence, active methods, such as iontophoresis,13 microscission,14 and microneedles,15–21 have been and are continually being explored.…”