“…Considerable attention has been paid to resolve the problems of nonlinearity in ensemble data assimilation, and various approaches have been developed, such as particle filter method (e.g., Moradkhani, 2005;Montzka et al, 2011), Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (e.g., Zeng et al, 2012), iterative EnKF (e.g., Song et al, 2014), and EnKF based on transformation techniques (Zhou et al, 2011;SchĂśniger1 et al, 2012). Some nonensemble methods such as successive linear estimator (SLE) are able to handle non-linearity and spatial structure of media Zhang and Yeh, 1997).…”