A Sperm Cell Toxicity Test Procedure for the Mediterranean Species<i>Paracentrotus Lividus</i>(Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Ghirardini, Annamaria Volpi; Novelli, Alessandra Arizzi

doi:10.1080/09593332208618268

Cited by 45 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…If abnormalities in the controls were 20% or more, the test was judged invalid and repeated. However, to evaluate the test's reproducibility a positive control was carried out with a reference toxic substance (Cu) (Arizzi Novelli et al 2002;Volpi Ghirardini and Arizzi Novelli 2001).…”

Section: Toxicity Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation

2010

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The aim of this research was to assess the combined effects of three heavy metals (copper, lead, cadmium) on the fertilization and offspring quality of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus at EC50, NOEL, and EC1 concentrations. The observed data were compared with the predictions derived from approaches of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) in order to evaluate the proper prediction of the observed mixture toxic effect. The P. lividus embryotoxicity of trace metals decreases as follows: Cu > Pb > Cd at all toxicity concentration tested. EC50 mixture revealed less toxic only than Cu; EC50 was 0.80 (± 0.07) mg/l, the offspring malformations were mainly P1 type (skeletal alterations) up to 20% mixture concentration, and P2 type from 70% concentration. The NOEL and EC1 mixtures evidenced that all compounds contribute to the overall toxicity, even if present at low concentrations: the former EC50 was 0.532 (± 0.058) mg/l and the latter was 1.081 (± 0.240) mg/l. The developmental defects observed were mainly P1 type in both mixtures. Both CA and IA models did not accurately predict mixture toxicity for EC50 and NOEL mixtures. Instead, EC1 mixture effects seemed well represented by the IA model. The protective action of the CA model, although quite accurate when applied to simple biological systems like algae and bacteria, but failed to represent the worst-case in this study with more complex organisms. It would be useful to introduce in the models one or more factors that take into account the complexity of these biological systems.

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Section: Toxicity Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation

2010

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“…If abnormalities in the controls were 20% or more, the test was considered invalid and repeated. However, to evaluate the test's reproducibility a positive control was carried out with a reference toxicant (Cu) (Arizzi Novelli et al 2002;Volpi Ghirardini and Arizzi Novelli 2001).…”

Section: Toxicity Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic effects of pentachlorophenol, azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos on the development of Paracentrotus lividus embryos

et al. 2011

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The application of many current-use pesticides has increased after the disuse of persistent, bioaccumulative or toxic ones as DDT or chlordane. Many of the used pesticides are considered less dangerous towards the environment for their physico-chemical properties. This study investigated the toxic effects of three current-use pesticides, pentachlorophenol (PCP), azinphos-methyl (AZM), and chlorpyrifos, on Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus early development and offspring quality. The experimental results showed that the most toxic pesticides were PCP and AZM at EC50 level. Nevertheless at low concentration PCP resulted the less toxic compound and showed EC1 value more protective than NOEC. PCP at high concentration seemed to modify cytoskeleton assembly, while at low concentrations, it could alter the deposition of the larval skeleton. OPs at low concentrations until 300 μg/l showed a similar toxicological behaviour with a trend corresponding to the pesticide concentrations. At high concentration (500 μg/l) the effect mainly observed was the embryos pre-larval arrest. This investigation highlighted the relevance to evaluate, in coastal seawaters, the levels of the used pesticides to understand the real impact on benthic populations mainly in sites characterized by intensive agriculture or floriculture activities, such as the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.

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“…The procedure is a derivation of the methodology originally described by Dinnel et al (1987), in accordance with the standard procedures adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (1991,1994,1995), by the American Society for Testing andMaterials (1991, 1995) and by the Environmental Protection Series (1991,1992). The cited procedures were modified, in order to match with other methodologies previously employed by Italian authors working with the species P. lividus (Giambartolomei, 1990, thesis;Giuliani et al, 2002Giuliani et al, , 2004Kozinkova et al, 2003;Volpi Ghirardini and Arizzi Novelli, 2001).…”

Section: Test Executionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A suitable container partially filled with seawater from the sampling site was used to transport the organisms to the laboratory, where animals were stored in glass aquaria containing aerated and filtered seawater from the sampling site. Animals were kept under these conditions for at least one week (Volpi Ghirardini and Arizzi Novelli, 2001). Salinity (36-38‰), pH (7.8-8.2), ammonium, and water temperature (16 ± 22 • C) were checked every day.…”

Section: Organisms Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardizing the Methodology of Sperm Cell Test with Paracentrotus Lividus

Lera

Macchia

Pellegrini

2006

Environ Monit Assess

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The sperm cell toxicity test with Paracentrotus lividus is widely used in Italy to assess the quality of complex aqueous matrices, but at present there is a shortage of standardized methodologies for the bioassay performance. In this work several critical points were considered, in order to verify the reliability of this bioassay and to improve its standardization. In particular, we have studied the differences in EC50 values at different sperm: egg ratios and with different quantities of gametes; the influence of sperm and eggs on fertilization rate and the influence of different recipients materials (plastic or glass). At the same time, it was evaluated if the obtained EC50 values were in accordance with those reported in literature. Experiments performed yielded EC50 values for copper ranging from 16.54 microg/l to 69.59 microg/l, with a total mean value +/- SD of 39.79 microg/l +/- 11.17. These data fit with those found in literature for other echinoid species. According to the same authors, poor fertilization was probably due to the effects on sperm and not on eggs, and moreover the linear regression analysis performed on each experiment suggested that the best amount of eggs to use in the test was 1000. Results from the comparison between the performance of the test in plastic or glass tubes showed an higher success in fertilization rate using borosilicate glass tubes.

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A Sperm Cell Toxicity Test Procedure for the Mediterranean SpeciesParacentrotus Lividus(Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation

Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation

Toxic effects of pentachlorophenol, azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos on the development of Paracentrotus lividus embryos

Standardizing the Methodology of Sperm Cell Test with Paracentrotus Lividus

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