A standardized surgical technique for rat superior cervical ganglionectomy

Savastano, Luis; Castro, Analía E.; Fitt, Marcos R.; Rath, Martin F.; Romeo, Horacio E.; Muñoz, Estela M.

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.007

Cited by 59 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…surgical removal of the SCG. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the identity of the removed tissue by showing its cells expressed both neurofilaments and tyrosine hydroxylase, hallmarks of sympathetic neurons (Savastano et al, 2010) (Figure 5C). In concert with SCGx, the pharmacological blockage of alpha-2 receptors in the EWN with 1 mM yohimbine eliminated the pupil dilation in response to phasic LC activation (Figure 5D, dark traces), while 0.5 mM yohimbine only partially diminished pupil dilation in response to LC activation (Figure 5D, grey trace).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Dynamic Lateralization of Pupil Dilation Evoked by Locus Coeruleus Activation Results from Sympathetic, Not Parasympathetic, Contributions

et al. 2017

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SUMMARY Pupil size is collectively controlled by the sympathetic dilator and parasympathetic sphincter muscles. Locus coeruleus (LC) activation has been shown to evoke pupil dilation, yet how the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways contribute to this dilation remains unknown. We examined pupil dilation elicited by LC activation in lightly anesthetized rats. Unilateral LC activation evoked bilateral, yet lateralized pupil dilation, i.e, the ipsilateral dilation was significantly larger than the contralateral dilation. Surgically blocking the ipsilateral, but not contralateral, sympathetic pathway significantly reduced lateralization, suggesting lateralization is mainly due to sympathetic contribution. Moreover, we found that sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, contribution is correlated with LC activation frequency. Together, our results unveiled the frequency-dependent contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to LC-activation-evoked pupil dilation, and suggest that lateralization in task-evoked pupil dilations may be used as a biomarker for autonomic tone.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Dynamic Lateralization of Pupil Dilation Evoked by Locus Coeruleus Activation Results from Sympathetic, Not Parasympathetic, Contributions

et al. 2017

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“…Ten micrometer sagittal sections of the left side of the brain, including the cerebellum, were cut using a Microm HM-325 microtome. All the immunohistochemical procedures were performed as previously described [51]. Briefly, the brain sections mounted on positive charged slides were boiled in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6) for 30 minutes in a pressure cooker for antigen retrieval and then washed three times in PBS for 5 minutes each.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic Preconditioning Differentially Affects GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neuronal Cells in the Injured Cerebellum of the Neonatal Rat

et al. 2014

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In this study we examined cerebellar alterations in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury with or without hypoxic preconditioning (Pc). Between postnatal days 7 and 15, the cerebellum is still undergoing intense cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. The expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD67) and the differentiation factor NeuroD1 were examined as markers of Purkinje and granule cells, respectively. We applied quantitative immunohistochemistry to sagittal cerebellar slices, and Western blot analysis of whole cerebella obtained from control (C) rats and rats submitted to Pc, hypoxia-ischemia (L) and a combination of both treatments (PcL). We found that either hypoxia-ischemia or Pc perturbed the granule cells in the posterior lobes, affecting their migration and final placement in the internal granular layer. These effects were partially attenuated when the Pc was delivered prior to the hypoxia-ischemia. Interestingly, whole nuclear NeuroD1 levels in Pc animals were comparable to those in the C rats. However, a subset of Purkinje cells that were severely affected by the hypoxic-ischemic insult—showing signs of neuronal distress at the levels of the nucleus, cytoplasm and dendritic arborization—were not protected by Pc. A monoclonal antibody specific for GAD67 revealed a three-band pattern in cytoplasmic extracts from whole P15 cerebella. A ∼110 kDa band, interpreted as a potential homodimer of a truncated form of GAD67, was reduced in Pc and L groups while its levels were close to the control animals in PcL rats. Additionally we demonstrated differential glial responses depending on the treatment, including astrogliosis in hypoxiated cerebella and a selective effect of hypoxia-ischemia on the vimentin-immunolabeled intermediate filaments of the Bergmann glia. Thus, while both glutamatergic and GABAergic cerebellar neurons are compromised by the hypoxic-ischemic insult, the former are protected by a preconditioning hypoxia while the latter are not.

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“…Sympathetic innervation is important for salivary secretion and influences local inflammation [11,12]. While it is clear that the autonomic nervous system is essential for adult salivary gland secretion [13], only more recently has it been shown how parasympathetic innervation is critical for the biogenesis of mouse salivary glands [14].…”

Section: Salivary Gland Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy, Biogenesis and Regeneration of Salivary Glands

Holmberg

Hoffman²

2014

Monographs in Oral Science

152

123

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An overview of the anatomy and biogenesis of salivary glands is important in order to understand the physiology, functions and disorders associated with saliva. A major disorder of salivary glands is salivary hypofunction and resulting xerostomia, or dry mouth, which affects hundreds of thousands of patients per year who suffer from salivary gland diseases or undergo head and neck cancer treatment. There is currently no curative therapy for these patients. To improve these patients’ quality of life, new therapies are being developed based on findings in salivary gland cell and developmental biology. Here we discuss the anatomy and biogenesis of the major human salivary glands and the rodent submandibular gland (SMG), which has been used extensively as a research model. We also include a review of recent research on the identification and function of stem cells in salivary glands, and the emerging field of research suggesting nerves play an instructive role during development and may be essential for adult gland repair and regeneration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in gland biogenesis provides a template for regenerating, repairing or reengineering diseased or damaged adult human salivary glands. We provide an overview of three general approaches currently being developed to regenerate damaged salivary tissue, including gene therapy, stem cell-based therapy, and tissue engineering. In the future, it may be that a combination of all three will be used to repair, regenerate and reengineer functional salivary glands in patients to increase the secretion of their saliva, the focus of this monograph.

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A standardized surgical technique for rat superior cervical ganglionectomy

Cited by 59 publications

References 64 publications

Dynamic Lateralization of Pupil Dilation Evoked by Locus Coeruleus Activation Results from Sympathetic, Not Parasympathetic, Contributions

Dynamic Lateralization of Pupil Dilation Evoked by Locus Coeruleus Activation Results from Sympathetic, Not Parasympathetic, Contributions

Hypoxic Preconditioning Differentially Affects GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neuronal Cells in the Injured Cerebellum of the Neonatal Rat

Anatomy, Biogenesis and Regeneration of Salivary Glands

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