A step closer to circular bioeconomy for citrus peel waste: A review of yields and technologies for sustainable management of essential oils

Teigiserova, Dominika Alexa; Tiruta-Barna, Ligia; Ahmadi, Aras; Hamelin, Lorie; Thomsen, Marianne

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111832

Cited by 71 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…It produces a large number of by-products (e.g., peels or seeds) that can cause, on one hand, severe environmental pollution [1] and, on the other hand, the loss of bioactive compounds that could be key components for developing nutraceuticals and functional foods. For that reason, and to allow the recovery of these potentially bioactive compounds from agri-food by-products, the circular economy is being widely promoted [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Finger Lime (Citrus australasica L.) by HPLC-QTof-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

2022

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Australian finger limes (Citrus australasica L.), an unusual citrus due to its unique pulp with a caviar-like appearance, has reached the global market as a promising source of bioactive compounds that promote health. This research was, therefore, performed to shed light on the bioactivity and composition of different parts of Citrus australasica L. (peel and pulp). Initial ultrasound-assisted extraction using MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v) was carried out. After that, four fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) were generated through liquid–liquid partitioning, and the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction in the peel, which presented the highest values of TPC and antioxidant activity, was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (HPLC-QTof) mass spectrometry. Fifteen compounds were identified, of which seven were characterized for the first time in this matrix. Moreover, ten phenolic compounds were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The major compounds in the sample were citric acid, pyrogallol, caffeic acid, coumarin, rutin, naringin, 2-coumaric acid, didymin, naringenin and isorhamnetin, which were found in a range from 2.7 to 8106.7 µg/g sample dry weight. Finally, the results presented in this novel work confirmed that the peel by-product of C. australasica L. is a potential source of bioactive compounds and could result in a positive outcome for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Finger Lime (Citrus australasica L.) by HPLC-QTof-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

2022

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“…Indeed, as shown in Table 1, the maximum yield of about 94-96% has been reached for the orange peel [47,48], while lower values were obtained for clementine and grapefruit. A lower extraction efficiency resulted also from the lemon, with a yield of limonene that did not exceed 70% [49].…”

Section: Extraction Methods For An Efficient Recovery Of Limonenementioning

confidence: 93%

“…One of the most innovative approaches is solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), a combination of microwave heating and dry distillation, performed at atmospheric pressure without using solvents or water. This technique affords similar yields as the traditional steam distillation with a considerably shorter extraction time and without the post-treatment steps [49,65]. The SFME extraction process was performed by Ciriminna et al for the isolation of essential oils from different parts of the fruit: outer skin (exocarp), peel (exo-and mesocarp) and waste (exo-, meso-and endocarp), starting from three types of citrus fruits, orange, lemon and grapefruit, grown in Sicily.…”

Section: Extraction Methods For An Efficient Recovery Of Limonenementioning

confidence: 93%

“…The cold press, one of the ancient essential oil extraction methods and already integrated into most of the modern juice production systems, is based on the use of needles to tear the oil glands in the peels [23,56] and the use of a mechanical pressure to release the oils [49]. It has the major advantage of minimizing the degradation of the essential oil constituents [57], with the oil expeller pressed at low temperature and pressure.…”

Section: Extraction Methods For An Efficient Recovery Of Limonenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, it is worth mentioning that, in recent years, the use of the supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) as a solvent and hydrotropic extraction tool has been evaluated to extract limonoids from the citrus waste, allowing yields up to 13 times higher to be obtained than the traditional cold-pressing technique, recovering the 100% limonene yield. However, it is impossible to compare the efficiency of this technique with others, as the yield depends on the amount of CO 2 used [49,74]. A recent study employed the enzymatic pre-treatment of cellulose for the extraction of essential oils from three different citrus peels [75].…”

Section: Extraction Methods For An Efficient Recovery Of Limonenementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Limonene Biorefinery: From Extractive Technologies to Its Catalytic Upgrading into p-Cymene

et al. 2021

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Limonene is a renewable cyclic monoterpene that is easily obtainable from citrus peel and it is commonly used as a nutraceutical ingredient, antibacterial, biopesticide and green extraction solvent as well as additive in healthcare, fragrance and food and beverage industries for its characteristic lemon-like smell. Indeed, the lack of toxicity makes limonene a promising bio-alternative for the development of a wide range of effective products in modern biorefineries. As a consequence, industrial demand largely exceeds supply by now. Limonene can be also used as starting substrate for the preparation of building block chemicals, including p-cymene that is an important intermediate in several industrial catalytic processes. In this contribution, after reviewing recent advances in the recovery of limonene from citrus peel and residues with particular attention to benign-by-design extractive processes, we focus on the latest results in its dehydrogenation to p-cymene via heterogeneous catalysis. Indeed, the latest reports evidence that the selective production of p-cymene still remains a scientific and technological challenge since, in order to drive the isomerization and dehydrogenation of limonene, an optimal balance between the catalyst nature/content and the reaction conditions is needed.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Essential Oil Determination Methods

et al. 2023

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A step closer to circular bioeconomy for citrus peel waste: A review of yields and technologies for sustainable management of essential oils

Cited by 71 publications

References 63 publications

Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Finger Lime (Citrus australasica L.) by HPLC-QTof-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Finger Lime (Citrus australasica L.) by HPLC-QTof-MS and UPLC-MS/MS

The Limonene Biorefinery: From Extractive Technologies to Its Catalytic Upgrading into p-Cymene

A Comprehensive Guide to Essential Oil Determination Methods

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