“…The ΛCDM model (Cold Dark Matter including a cosmological constant Λ) is a particular general relativistic FLRW metric model, with ordinary matter, radiation, dark matter (CDM), and dark energy (modelled with Λ) as energy-momentum sources. The ΛCDM paradigm has proven successful in a largely consistent interpretation of observational data; however, with a number of 'tensions' remaining [28,81,119,5,39,110]. Importantly, the success of the ΛCDM framework comes at the price of introducing dark components to the cosmological energy budget [2].…”