A study of autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnant women and its effect on fetal and maternal outcome

Abstract

Introduction: Anti-thyroid antibodies not only cause thyroid dysfunction but have independent adverse outcomes in the fetus and mother during pregnancy and after birth. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis as a presentation of immune system deregulation may be associated with a generalized activation of the immune system at the fetus–maternal unit, the placenta. This interference could be associated with pregnancy morbidities in m o t h e r a n d fetus. This study was done to find out the frequency of autoimmune thyroid disease and its effect on maternal and fetal outcomes in a tertiary care facility in Jharkhand. Method: This is an Observational Prospective Study done during an 18-month period on 254 pregnant women in their second trimester who came to the antenatal clinic (ANC) clinic with singleton pregnancy at RIMS Ranchi. Result: 222 (87.4%) out of the 254 pregnant women had anti- TPO antibodies less than 35 IU/ml. Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody positivity with values greater than 35 IU/ml was found in 32 patients (12.6%). Anti-TPO antibody mean value was 22.54 ± 19.67 IU/ml. Among the 222 individuals who tested negative for the anti-TPO antibody, 7 (3.3%) had miscarriages, 182 (88.3%) gave birth vaginally, and 33 (14.9%) underwent a cesarean section. Of the 32 individuals who tested positive for the anti-TPO antibody, 2 (6.3%) had miscarriages, 24 (75.0%) had vaginal deliveries, and 6 (18.8%) had cesarean sections. Using the Chi-square test, a P value of 0.549 was calculated, indicating statistical insignificance (Pearson Chi-square test value = 0.200a). Conclusion: Anti-TPO antibody positivity was significantly related to miscarriage and anemia. Other complications like preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia, and low birth weight were higher in anti-TPO antibody-positive patients as compared to anti-TPO antibody-negative patients. However, these findings were not statistically significant.