A study of the correlation between ultrafine particle emissions in motorcycle smoke and mice erythrocyte damages

Varied dose exposures to ultrafine particles in the motorcycle smoke cause kidney cell damages in male mice

“…The mice were treated humanely and with regarding the suffering alleviation by providing food and water ad libitum. They were acclimated to the experiment environment (exposure chamber 20 × 20 × 30 cm 3 ) for 3 days [ 9 ]. The temperature of housing facility was maintained at 24–27 °C with a relative humidity of 75–78% and a 12 h light/dark cycle.…”

“…The ultrafine particle concentration was measured using a P-Trak UPC (TSI, model 8525) ( Fig. 1 ) [ 9 ].

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“…After the exposures, they have been released to their origin cages. All mice were sacrificed in the day 11 [ 9 ].…”

“…The correlation between the ultrafine particle exposures and the mice kidney damages was evaluated by regression models using the Microsoft Excel 2016 software [ 21 ]. For all analyses, R 2 > 0.80 was considered statistically significant [ 9 ].…”

“…They might be able to penetrate alveoli and deposit to the alveolar surface area [ 6 ]. They follow the bloodstream, and harm lung [ 7 ], brains [ 8 ], and erythrocytes [ 9 ]. The ultrafine particle impacts on health are still needed to be investigated deeply.…”