A Study of the Refractive Errors Comparition between City and Rural Elementary School Children

Abstract

This study was designed to be used as the basic visual function data after analyzing and investigating the refractive errors variation between city and rural elementary school children. Methods: To compare with city and rural areas, 2501 elementary school children who lived in Mokpo, Yeongam, Muan, Hampyeong were participated. Objective refraction, Subjective refraction and binocular function examinations were measured. Results: Mean of refractive error of rural areas was −1.47

Impact of Vision Impairment and Ocular Morbidity and Their Treatment on Quality of Life in Children: A Systematic Review

“…7,18,21,22,25,26,31e33 The QoL scores did not differ between children with and without vision impairment (pooled SMD, e1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], e2.11 to 0.03; I 2 ¼ 99.7%; P ¼ 0.06; Fig 2). Subgroup analysis showed that in 7 studies 7,18,21,22,26,31,32 in which myopia was the cause of vision impairment, children showed statistically significantly lower QoL scores than children without refractive error (SMD, e0.60, 95% CI, e1.09 to e0.11; I 2 ¼ 98.6%; P ¼ 0.02; Fig 2). However, in 3 studies with other causes of vision impairment, 21,25,33 Five of the 9 observational studies and 2 interventional studies containing baseline data about strabismus were included in a metaanalysis (Table S6, available at www.aaojournal.org).…”

“…20,27,30,43,47 Thirty-three studies contained an approximately equal number of male and female participants. Three studies 26,36,47 and 7 studies 6,19,29,42,43,51,57 included less than 40% males and females, respectively. Two studies did not report on the sex distribution of participants.…”

برامج التواصل بین الأجیال (مراجعة نظریة منهجیة للبحوث والدراسات 2010 - 2020) ومقترحات تعزیزها وإستخدامها فی تحسین الصحة النفسیة لدی الأطفال والمسنین بدور الایواء

“…            (Shapiro, 2004 ;Randler et al, 2014;Zhao et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2018)              (Disu et Kuehne, 2013 ;Su, 2017 ;Martins et al, 2019)         (Bagnasco et al, 2019)           (Davidson & Boals-Gilbert, 2010)                 (Celdran et al, 2009 ;Galbraith et al, 2015 ;Giraudeau & Bailly, 2019 (Harwood, 2007;Hummert, 2012;Williams & Nussbaum, 2013) (Epstein & Boisvert, 2006 ;Li et al, 2020) (Kersten, 2002 ;Kim, 2002 ;Choi & Lee, 2014 ;Lux et al, 2020…”

“…Among the research recommendations is that more research should be conducted in the field of intergenerational program in the Arab environment. key words : intergenerational programs (IGPs) -improve mental health (Bongaarts, 2009 ;Roser et al, 2013 )  (Boccardi , 2019 ;World Health Organization, 2020)       (Lunenfeld & Stratton, 2013)             (Canning & Schultz, 2012)    (Kim, 2002 ;Kersten, 2002 ;Choi & Lee, 2014)  (Kim & Lee, 2017)  …”