A study on risk assessment of effect of hematoxylin dye on cytotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in freshwater fish: Food and water security prospective research

Abstract

The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is a major worldwide issue. Hematoxylin dye has a wide range of uses in textile industries and laboratories. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of hematoxylin's sublethal effect in vitro in Cirrhinus mrigala . The fish was exposed to different grading concentrations of dye in the aquarium. Fish were sacrificed and dissected to remove the kidney after exposure to hematoxylin dye for specific time intervals. Nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by this dye were detected through histopathology by using the paraffin wax method. Immediate mortality of fish was noticed against the exposure to 0.08 g/L (LC 50 ) concentration of dye, but at 0.008 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, it showed tremendous tissue damage in the kidneys, significant reduction in fish growth. This dye induced many alterations in the kidney such as tubular degeneration, vacuolation, shrinkage of a glomerulus, reduced lumen, congestion in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, absence of Bowmen space, necrosis of the hematopoietic interstitial tissues, clogging of tubules, necrosis in the glomerulus and increased space between glomerulus and bowmen's capsule. Although this dye has a wide range of biological and industrial applications, a minute amount of hematoxylin released in effluents is quite toxic to aquatic fauna.

Various Approaches for the Detoxification of Toxic Dyes in Wastewater

“…In a recent in vitro study, hematoxylin dye showed several changes in the kidney (glomerulonephritis, tubular degeneration, etc.) of a fish Cirrhinus mrigala [46]. Previous studies on Gambusia affinis have demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects on RBCs.…”

“…Fish suffer from a variety of physiological and biochemical abnormalities as a result of changes in water quality [45]. Fish are vulnerable to a wide variety of toxins including dyes from industrial effluents [46]. Dyes regularly come into close contact with fish during respiration through gills.…”

Classificação, efeitos ecotoxicológicos aquáticos e remoção dos corantes têxteis

“…Na maior dose de estudo (0,018 mg/L) observou-se redução significativa no crescimento, perda de peso dos peixes e danos renais severos como aumento do espaço tubular, entupimento e degeneração dos túbulos e necrose renal, esses resultados estão associados a interferência do corante hematoxilina no processo de filtração dos rins dos peixes os levando a problemas severos que afetam o seu desenvolvimento. Diante disso, fica constatado que este corante mesmo em baixa concentração nos corpos d'água causam bastante efeitos tóxicos para a fauna aquática (HUSSAIN et al, 2021).…”

Unveiling the Mechanistic Aspects of Solar-Driven Hematein Remediation Using Biocompatible Metal-Free Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

“…Exposure to hematein through ingestion or close contact may cause eye damage, respiratory and skin irritation, and pose a risk if swallowed. − Repeated or prolonged exposure can even result in organ failure. In a study by Hussain et al, the impact of hematein (hematoxylin) on nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity in freshwater fish was assessed, revealing that the discharged dye in wastewater is highly toxic to living organisms, particularly aquatic fauna, even at low concentrations. The safety data sheet for hematein recommends disposal in a closed container, offering limited guidance on subsequent treatment.…”