A Study on the Impact of the Number of Devices on Communication Interference in Bluetooth Low Energy

Pang, Bozheng; Claeys, Tim; Pissoort, Davy; Hallez, Hans; Boydens, Jeroen

doi:10.1109/et50336.2020.9238240

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Testing has shown that when a vehicle with a token is driven on a nearby unmeasured road, the token can be detected up to a non-negligible distance. Therefore, the recommendation is to consider a suitable location for the detection point [31,32]. Testing also suggests the recommendation not to stop a vehicle with a token near a BLE scanner due to scanner flooding and the associated reduction in the reliability of detecting other tokens in vehicles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Traffic Regulation System in Protected Areas: Pilot Technology Testing in National Park in the Czech Republic

Růžička,

Sliacky,

Purkrábková

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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In the context of nature protection, there is an effort to regulate individual car traffic in protected areas. In the framework of the research, a pilot testing of a vehicle detection and identification system in the Krkonoše National Park was carried out using two selected technologies (license plate recognition and Bluetooth token detection). The research was carried out under conditions of poorer availability of mobile signal for transmission of measured data, lack of electrical power supply, and in challenging climatic conditions in the mountains. The main objective was to verify the applicability and limits of the mentioned technologies under these difficult conditions. For this purpose, two test sites were built: a fixed and a mobile point. Testing at both points was carried out using two basic methods, namely online through continuous data collection from the detectors and on-site through a local survey during the summer of 2022. The parameters evaluated were the reliability of the vehicle identification itself and the reliability of the operation of the individual detection subsystems and the tested system as a whole. The results show that the license plate recognition system using two cameras for the checkpoint shows a high recognition reliability, but it is reduced for some types of vehicles (especially motorcycles and four-wheelers). At the same time, this technology is demanding on energy resources. Detection using a Bluetooth scanner has proven to be highly reliable up to 50 km/h. A reliable power supply is necessary to achieve high reliability, which was a problem at the mobile point. Evaluation of images from cameras with motion detection showed the limits of this technology, which increased with increasing vehicle speed. The system can be used to detect traffic in protected areas, taking into account the limits specified in this article.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Traffic Regulation System in Protected Areas: Pilot Technology Testing in National Park in the Czech Republic

Růžička,

Sliacky,

Purkrábková

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…Their model predicts up to 65% collision with 40 communicating pairs as shown in figure 1. Hallez et al [23] compare the performance of channel selection algorithms 1 and 2 (CSA#1 and CSA#2) in different interfering environments. They show that although the collision probability with the new channel selection algorithm is almost halved compared to CSA#1, nevertheless, with only ten active piconets, the probability of collision in a channel is more than 70%.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks

Khanmirza,

Teymoori

2024

Preprint

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The proliferation of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in diverse applications has led to a dense clustering of piconets in confined spaces. BLE operates within the congested 2.4GHz ISM band, shared by numerous short-range wireless protocols. Frequency hopping and Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) mechanisms have been introduced in Bluetooth to reduce interference with other protocols in the same band. However, research shows these mechanisms are ineffective in reducing inter-piconet interferences. These studies have demonstrated the relationship between the number of piconets and the level of interference. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the similarity of channel maps and the number of neighboring piconets in interference intensity. Then, we present a light and practical coordination framework to address this challenge. Our solution employs a BLE gateway to detect its surrounding piconet masters and computes a better channel map to reduce the impact of inter-piconet interferences. We also introduce the Isolated Channels (ICA) algorithm for channel allocation of neighboring piconets with controlled channel overlaps for BLE5. Simulation results show a 20 to 60% reduction of interference level in environments with high to moderate inter-piconet interferences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical BLE5-compatible solution for mitigating the inter-piconet interference problem and does not require modifying the standard stack.

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“…The AFH allows BLE devices to hop within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, trying to avoid the spectrum occupied by Wi-Fi [5]. It is based on channel selection algorithms (CSAs), which synchronize the hopping process for BLE devices within the same BLE connection [6]. It has been proved that, with some improvements, the CSAs are able to detect and avoid Wi-Fi interference [7], [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bluetooth Low Energy Reliability and Throughput under Wi-Fi Interference

Pang

Claeys

T'Jonck

et al. 2022

2022 XXXI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET)

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In this paper, the performance of Bluetooth Low Energy is studied under different Wi-Fi interference. Two aspects of BLE performance are investigated, namely reliability and throughput. According to the practical experiment results, both the reliability as well as the throughput are highly impacted by Wi-Fi interference. Besides, a new discovery is that the impacts of interference on the two performance aspects are not proportional to one another. This research can be utilized by other studies as a proof or cornerstone.

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A Study on the Impact of the Number of Devices on Communication Interference in Bluetooth Low Energy

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Sustainable Traffic Regulation System in Protected Areas: Pilot Technology Testing in National Park in the Czech Republic

Sustainable Traffic Regulation System in Protected Areas: Pilot Technology Testing in National Park in the Czech Republic

BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks

Bluetooth Low Energy Reliability and Throughput under Wi-Fi Interference

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