A survey on enhanced RPL: Addressing the mobility in RPL

Yadav, Rajesh Kumar; Awasthi, Nimisha

doi:10.1109/i-smac49090.2020.9243405

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Yadav and Awasthi 11 provided a review of various mobility‐aware RPL protocols. The related articles were divided into two categories, reactive and proactive protocols.…”

Section: Related Review Papers and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The applications of the routing protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL) on the internet of mobile things

Ghanbari

Navimipour

Hosseinzadeh

et al. 2022

Int J Communication

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Summary Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) have become very popular recently. The routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is standardized for static topologies. However, mobility is the nature of IoT. Mobility serves as a promising candidate to harness hand‐off time issues, delay in data transmission, overhead, and low packet delivery rate (PDR) effectively. This study presents a comprehensive account of the mobility‐aware RPL‐based routing protocols to validate and compare the experimental results. Remarkably, classification methods are used in many articles. The aim is to introduce significant research efforts to improve RPL objective functions (OF) performance in hand‐off time, PDR, delay, overhead, and so forth. In this regard, a complete analysis of the existing routing protocols in IoMT has been presented to compare the results. The main focus of this study is on approaches that proposed new OFs for supporting mobility in RPL. Two main categories are considered to study RPL‐based routing protocol mechanisms: The mobile and static sink. The related studies on the mobile sink are divided into three groups: Single metric‐based OF, composite metric OF, and hybrid routing protocols. Also, the related works based on the static sink are categorized into four groups: Fuzzy logic‐based OF, trickle timer‐based OF, composite metrics‐based OF, and modification control messages‐based OF approach. This paper presents a detailed comparison of mechanisms in each category. It also highlights the pros, cons, open issues, and evaluated metrics of each paper. Besides, challenges of mobility in the RPL‐based routing protocol mechanism in IoMT for future studies.

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“…Yadav and Awasthi 11 provided a review of various mobility‐aware RPL protocols. The related articles were divided into two categories, reactive and proactive protocols.…”

Section: Related Review Papers and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The applications of the routing protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL) on the internet of mobile things

Ghanbari

Navimipour

Hosseinzadeh

et al. 2022

Int J Communication

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“…When a network is stable, nodes exponentially reduce their communication rate, sending trickle messages in just a few packets per hour. In contrast, when a node detects an inconsistencies, it acts with quick trickle messages to resolve the inconsistencies [98]. Initially, the trickle algorithm was proposed for propagation and maintenance in WSN.…”

Section: Rpl Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Intrusion Detection Systems in RPL Routing Protocol Based on Machine Learning for Internet of Things Applications

Seyfollahi

Ghaffari

2021

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) has been developed as a routing agent in low-power and lossy networks (LLN), where nodes’ resource constraint nature is challenging. This protocol operates at the network layer and can create routing and optimally distribute routing information between nodes. RPL is a low-power, high-throughput IPv6 routing protocol that uses distance vectors. Each sensor-to-wire network router has a collection of fixed parents and a preferred parent on the path to the Destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) graph’s root in steady-state. Each router part of the graph sends DODAG information object (DIO) control messages and specifies its rank within the graph, indicating its position within the network relative to the root. When a node receives a DIO message, it determines its network rank, which must be higher than all its parents’ rank, and then continues sending DIO messages using the trickle timer. As a result, DODAG begins at the root and eventually extends to encompass the whole network. This paper is the first review to study intrusion detection systems in the RPL protocol based on machine learning (ML) techniques to the best of our knowledge. The complexity of the new attack models identified for RPL and the efficiency of ML in intelligent and collaborative threats detection, and the issues of deploying ML in challenging LLN environments underscore the importance of research in this area. The analysis is done using research sources of “Google Scholar,” “Crossref,” “Scopus,” and “Web of Science” resources. The evaluations are assessed for studies from 2016 to 2021. The results are illustrated with tables and figures.

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“…Another subject of interest for research purposes could be exploring the feasibility of a joint RPL approach that combined dynamic transmit power and data-rate adaptation in IEEE 802.11 WSN. Finally, mobility introduces a major challenge for RPL [35]- [37] and the applicability of our scheme should be the subject of further study in this area.…”

Section: Conclusion and Further Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

RPL Cross-Layer Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 IoT Devices With Adjustable Transmit Power

Estepa

Madinabeitia

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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We propose a novel cross-layer scheme to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks composed of IEEE 802.15.4 IoT devices with adjustable transmit power. Our approach is based on the IETF's Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL). Nodes discover neighbors and keep fresh link statistics for each available transmit power level. Using the product of ETX and local transmit power level as a single metric, each node selects both the parent that minimizes the energy for packet transmission along the path to the root and the optimal local transmit power to be used. We have implemented our cross-layer scheme in NG-Contiki using the Z1 mote and two transmit power levels (55mW and 31mW). Simulations of a network of 15 motes show that (on average) 66% of nodes selected the low-power setting in a 25 m × 25 m area. As a result, we obtained an average reduction of 25% of the energy spent on transmission and reception of packets compared to the standard RPL settings where all nodes use the same transmit power level. In large scenarios (e.g., 150 m × 150 m and 40-100 motes), our approach provides better results in dense networks where reducing the transmit power of nodes does not translate into longer paths to the root nor degraded quality of service.

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A survey on enhanced RPL: Addressing the mobility in RPL

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

The applications of the routing protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL) on the internet of mobile things

The applications of the routing protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL) on the internet of mobile things

A Review of Intrusion Detection Systems in RPL Routing Protocol Based on Machine Learning for Internet of Things Applications

RPL Cross-Layer Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 IoT Devices With Adjustable Transmit Power

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