A Survey on QoE-Oriented VR Video Streaming: Some Research Issues and Challenges

Abstract

With the advent of the information age, VR video streaming services have emerged in large numbers in scenarios such as immersive entertainment, smart education, and the Internet of Vehicles. People are also demanding an increasing number of virtual-reality (VR) services, and service providers must ensure a good user experience. Therefore, the quality of the VR user’s experience is receiving increasing attention from academia and industry. The review in this paper focuses on a comprehensive summary of the current state of quality-of-experience (QoE) technologies applied to VR video streaming. First, we review the main influencing factors of QoE and VR video streaming. Second, the user QoE for VR evaluation is discussed. Third, the modeling of QoE for VR video streaming, the QoE-oriented VR optimization problem, and enabling techniques of machine learning for VR video streaming improvement are summarized. Lastly, we present current challenges and possible future research directions.

Toward immersive communications in 6G

“…Therefore, QoE-oriented networking from users' perspective is a promising network (Tasaka, 2022). The former, conducted in relatively static laboratory environments, is costly and inapplicable in dynamic network environments, whereas the latter, evaluated by empirical human perception models, does not differentiate individual users (Barakabitze et al, 2019;Ruan and Xie, 2021). Finding a way to model personalized QoE while adapting to dynamic network environments remains an open issue.…”

Toward Immersive Communications in 6G

“…Conventional QoE modeling are based on either subjective tests or objective quality assessments [286]. The former, conducted in relatively static laboratory environments, is costly and inapplicable in dynamic network environments, whereas the latter, evaluated by empirical human perception models, does not differentiate individual users [287], [288]. Finding a way to model person-alized QoE while adapting to dynamic network environments remains an open issue.…”

A Survey on Mobile Edge Computing for Video Streaming: Opportunities and Challenges

“…The VR live streaming has the same requirements as conventional and 360 o live videos, including those related to network parameters (e.g., bandwidth, latency, stalling, buffering time, and bitrate switching) and the application parameters (e.g., video quality, frame rate, and resolution) with higher constraints on the delay variance and image freezing to avoid motion sickness. Besides these requirements, the VR system depends also on physical environment factors (e.g., sounds, objects locations, and lighting) and user's profile (e.g., gender and length), which highly influence the quality of the experience [58]. The Augmented Reality (AR) is also a real-world interactive experience, where real or fictive objects are enhanced and integrated into the user's experience.…”