A Survey on Scalable LoRaWAN for Massive IoT: Recent Advances, Potentials, and Challenges

Jouhari, Mohammed; Saeed, Nasir; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim; Amhoud, El Mehdi

doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3274934

Cited by 104 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 232 publications

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“…The determination of the longest valid chain is based on the collective difficulty of that particular chain, rather than simply the number of blocks it contains. Shorter chains known as orphan blocks are considered invalid 18 .…”

Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scalable blockchain based framework for efficient IoT data management using lightweight consensus

Haque,

Shah,

Iqbal

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Recent research has focused on applying blockchain technology to solve security-related problems in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, the inherent scalability issues of blockchain technology become apparent in the presence of a vast number of IoT devices and the substantial data generated by these networks. Therefore, in this paper, we use a lightweight consensus algorithm to cater to these problems. We propose a scalable blockchain-based framework for managing IoT data, catering to a large number of devices. This framework utilizes the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm to ensure enhanced performance and efficiency in resource-constrained IoT networks. DPoS being a lightweight consensus algorithm leverages a selected number of elected delegates to validate and confirm transactions, thus mitigating the performance and efficiency degradation in the blockchain-based IoT networks. In this paper, we implemented an Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for distributed storage, and Docker to evaluate the network performance in terms of throughput, latency, and resource utilization. We divided our analysis into four parts: Latency, throughput, resource utilization, and file upload time and speed in distributed storage evaluation. Our empirical findings demonstrate that our framework exhibits low latency, measuring less than 0.976 ms. The proposed technique outperforms Proof of Stake (PoS), representing a state-of-the-art consensus technique. We also demonstrate that the proposed approach is useful in IoT applications where low latency or resource efficiency is required.

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Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scalable blockchain based framework for efficient IoT data management using lightweight consensus

Haque,

Shah,

Iqbal

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…Research needs to be conducted on service discovery among billions of devices connected to different nodes, decentralizing architecture using clustering approaches, building fog computing models, peer-to-peer communications, gateway densification, spreading factor assignment combined with joint scheduling, etc. [ 9 , 137 , 138 , 139 ].…”

Section: Open Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Figure 1 [ 5 ], we have found that current trends and future trends both show that wide area protocols and short-range protocols-supported devices are mainly used while cellular protocols-supported devices are comparatively less in use. Considerable research [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] has supported the idea that for broad areas and long ranges, primarily industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band-based LPWAN protocols are superior to cellular IoT protocols. Three of the key requirements of IoT technologies are low power consumption and long-range communication at low cost [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Industrial Applications: Exploring LPWAN-Driven IoT Protocols

Islam,

Jamil,

Pranto

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring about the next industrial revolution in Industry 4.0. The communication aspect of IoT devices is one of the most critical factors in choosing the device that is suitable for use. Thus far, the IoT physical layer communication challenges have been met with various communications protocols that provide varying strengths and weaknesses. This paper summarizes the network architectures of some of the most popular IoT wireless communications protocols. It also presents a comparative analysis of some of the critical features, including power consumption, coverage, data rate, security, cost, and quality of service (QoS). This comparative study shows that low-power wide area network (LPWAN)-based IoT protocols (LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M) are more suitable for future industrial applications because of their energy efficiency, high coverage, and cost efficiency. In addition, the study also presents an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) application perspective on the suitability of LPWAN protocols in a particular scenario and addresses some open issues that need to be researched. Thus, this study can assist in deciding the most suitable IoT communication protocol for an industrial and production field.

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“…Due to the fact that communication happens in the 868 MHz band, both gateways and end devices had to comply with a duty cycle limit of 1%. Therefore, every device in a sub-band must be off for a duration 𝑇 𝑜𝑓𝑓 , resulting in the cycle duration presented in (1).…”

Section: Simulation Setup and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) is a one-hope network that consists of end devices connected to the gateway using chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation [1]- [9]. Several studies suggest that LoRaWAN consists of three types of end devices, namely Class A, B, and C [10]- [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy efficient slotted synchronization approach in LoRaWAN

Shayo,

Abdalla,

Mwambela

et al. 2024

IJEECS

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<p>In recent years, long-range wide-area networks (LoRaWAN) have gained much attention as low-power wide-area networks. LoRaWAN uses ALOHA as the medium access control protocol, where the end devices transmit data randomly and retransmit it up to eight times if collisions occur. ALOHA is not energy efficient and works perfectly for a smaller network. Several techniques, including the use of synchronization and scheduling schemes, to deal with the limitations imposed by ALOHA in LoRaWAN have been reported in the literature. However, the existing synchronization and scheduling algorithms transmit synchronization messages randomly using one super frame with fixed time slots that accommodate devices using different spreading factors, which limit the LoRaWAN network's scalability. This work proposes a slotted synchronization mechanism for transmitting synchronization requests to the gateway. The performance of the slotted synchronization was evaluated through simulation using packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy efficiency as the performance parameters. The results indicate that when the number of devices in the network increases, a time-slotted synchronization consumes less energy, on average, by about 0.2 mAh. The use of a slotted synchronization can improve the energy efficiency of the end devices as collisions are completely avoided, achieving a PDR of 100%.</p>

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A Survey on Scalable LoRaWAN for Massive IoT: Recent Advances, Potentials, and Challenges

Cited by 104 publications

References 232 publications

A scalable blockchain based framework for efficient IoT data management using lightweight consensus

A scalable blockchain based framework for efficient IoT data management using lightweight consensus

Future Industrial Applications: Exploring LPWAN-Driven IoT Protocols

Energy efficient slotted synchronization approach in LoRaWAN

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