The book chapter addresses the vulnerabilities and sustainability challenges in the battery industry, emphasising the importance of social acceptance in the context of a variety of applications. The battery industry’s environmental impacts, supply chain issues and geopolitical concerns are discussed, along with the need for just energy transitions and human rights safeguards. The role of batteries in energy storage, e-mobility and grid storage is explored, including the phenomenon of range anxiety in electric vehicles. The chapter underscores the significance of combining technical advancements with social factors for successful energy technology transitions and achieving sustainable battery value chain. Social innovation and acceptance issues related to battery technologies are highlighted, considering factors like socio-political, market and community acceptance. Overall, the text advocates for a balanced approach between societal needs, environmental conservation and technological advancements in the battery industry.