A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of infectious diseases of Duck: A world perspective

Abstract

The Indian poultry industry is one of the fast-growing sectors of which duck farming plays an important role. Duck population in India is 33.51 million that is concentrated towards north-east and southern parts of the country who rears mainly for eggs and meat. Duck diseases are of great concern as they badly affect the financial status of the small, landless farmers. Databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, J gate were used to search articles between 2000 and 2019 that showed the prevalence of viral, bacterial, and parasitic duck diseases. R open source software was used to derive forest plots by statistical analysis. Pooled prevalence estimates of duck diseases worldwide was found to be 20% (95%-CI:15–26). Also, continent-wise analysis of all duck diseases has revealed highest prevalence in North America, followed by Asia, Africa, Europe,Oceania and South America. This prevalence of data would be helpful to the policymakers to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and control diseases in their respective locations.

Global prevalence of zoonotic pathogens from pigeon birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Likely, the reported prevalence of the single study on three protozoa was 14% (95% CI: 10–18%) for Enterocytozoon bieneus, 23% (95% CI: 18–29%) for Haemoproteus columbae , and 30% (21–39%) for Neospora caninum . During the last decades, pigeon populations have increased exponentially in different countries, reaching densities higher than 2000 birds/km 2 in many European cities and may cause a serious threat because of carrying zoonotic infectious pathogen ( Cano-Terriza et al., 2015 ; Patil et al., 2021 ).…”

“…From our analysis, it is concluded that viral pathogen (21%) is predominant than bacterial pathogen (17%) and protozoan pathogen (14%). This reason could be due to the robust disease reporting system available globally ( Patil et al., 2021 ). Among the viral pathogen, Newcastle virus, Corona viruses (CoVs) and avian influenza were found more prevalent and recent study reported that, outbreaks of avian influenza continue to be a global public health concern due to ongoing circulation of various strains (H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, and H7N8), ( O1E, 2021 ).…”

“…A predefined rating system was used to measure the quality of various studies to accurately judging study type and minimizing the bias of selected studies ( Kuralayanapalya et al., 2019 ; Patil et al., 2021 ). The rating was on a scale of 0–5, with each part receiving the maximum of two stars.…”

A systematic review and meta-analysis on global prevalence of infectious diseases in backyard chicken in the recent two decades

“…The statistical indicators including I 2 and τ 2 indicated higher heterogeneity among most of the studies. Similarly, a high level of heterogeneity was observed among the studies reporting the disease prevalence by various authors (Asfaw et al, 2019;Patil et al, 2021). Various factors like different breeds, management practices, geographical variations and diagnostic methods are speculated for the possible heterogeneity observed (Higgins and Green, 2008).…”

“…Earlier a meta-analysis study also reported that interface between the free-living bird and poultry was the most highly reviewed interface among the emerging pathogens particularly with concern to AI (Wiethoelter et al, 2015). The pooled prevalence of 9% and 23% were reported for AI and ND recently from duck population worldwide (Patil et al, 2021). The association of high risk of contracting the avian in uenza viruses to humans was linked to live markets handling the sick and infected chicken (Fournié et al, 2017).…”