A systematic review on recent advancements in 3D surface imaging and artificial intelligence for enhanced dental research and clinical practice

Abstract

Advancements in three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming dental research and clinical practice by providing high-precision, non-invasive tools for diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome prediction. Traditional imaging methods, while effective, often lack dimensional detail and involve radiation exposure, whereas 3D imaging and AI offer improved safety and accuracy. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and practical applications of 3D surface imaging and AI technologies in dentistry, with a focus on orthodontics, maxillofacial surgery, and diagnostic practices.Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on criteria such as population, intervention type, and outcome relevance. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using standardized tools, and bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies.The review included 50 studies encompassing various imaging technologies (e.g., structured light scanning, laser scanning) and AI applications (e.g., convolutional neural networks). Findings indicate significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy, patient-specific modeling, and clinical workflow efficiency. Benefits include reduced radiation exposure, enhanced diagnostic precision, and increased affordability, although challenges remain in terms of operational complexity, cost, and potential AI biases.3D surface imaging and AI represent substantial advancements in dental practice, enabling precise diagnostics, tailored treatment, and improved patient outcomes. Future research should focus on refining AI algorithms, standardizing protocols, and developing accessible, portable 3D imaging devices to expand these technologies’ reach in clinical settings.