A systematic review on the occurrence, fate, and remediation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater

Abstract

The COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Along with impairing the respiratory system, it also affects the gastrointestinal system. By reviewing experiments on the wastewater analysis for the detection of coronavirus, this study explores the fate, persistence, and various remediation strategies for the virus removal from the wastewater. The results indicated that the virus can be detected in the wastewater samples, feces, and sewage, even before the onset of symptoms. Coronavirus can be a potential panzootic disease, as several mammalian species get infected by the deadly virus. The disinfection strategies used earlier for the treatment of wastewater are not sufficient for the removal of viruses from the wastewater. Therefore, concerted efforts should be made to understand their fate, sources, and occurrence in the environmental matrices. To prevent the spread of the panzootic disease, revised guidelines should be issued for the remediation of the virus. Recent viral remediation methods such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation methods can be used. Therefore, the present review puts a light on the current knowledge on the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater, the possible sources, fate, and removal strategies.

The emerging significance of nanomedicine-based approaches to fighting COVID-19 variants of concern: A perspective on the nanotechnology’s role in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment

“…The first case was observed in December 2019 in Wuhan, where pneumonia-like symptoms were observed in locals. In the first week of January 2020, this new virus was found to be like coronavirus (Ahmad et al, 2020;Sodhi and Singh, 2022).…”

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“…Since 2020, these techniques have become increasingly important due to the need to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (Barcellos et al, 2023). As with any research related to SARS-CoV-2, there is an extensive literature on its surveillance in wastewater (Amman and Bergthaler, 2022;Dutta et al, 2022;Gonçalves et al, 2022;Greenbaum et al, 2022;Kumar et al, 2022;Burdorf and Rugulies, 2023;Du Toit, 2023;Gahlot et al, 2023;Hopkins et al, 2023;Oloye et al, 2023;Sodhi and Singh, 2023;Tavazzi et al, 2023). This has resulted in a renaissance of WBE and early warning systems based on pathogen surveillance (O'Brien and Xagoraraki, 2019;Guo et al, 2022a;Guo et al, 2022b;Fitzmorris-Brisolara et al, 2022;Demeter et al, 2023;Hassard et al, 2023;Shaw et al, 2023;Wolfe et al, 2023) On the other hand, WBE also place significant emphasis on detecting small molecules and/or metabolites excreted by humans.…”