A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms

Abstract

Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.

GmPIN1‐mediated auxin asymmetry regulates leaf petiole angle and plant architecture in soybean

“…One proposed mechanism is that intracellular trafficking and the protein stability of PIN2 are differentially affected during root gravitropism (Abas et al, 2006; Kleine‐Vehn et al, 2008; Lofke et al, 2013). Another proposed mechanism is that the tropic response is controlled by small molecules that regulate PIN transporters (Morales‐Quintana and Ramos, 2021). (Iso)flavonoids are a type of small molecule that inhibit the activity of PIN proteins (Brown et al, 2001; Teale et al, 2021).…”

Seasonal Developing Xylem Transcriptome Analysis of Pinus densiflora Unveils Novel Insights for Compression Wood Formation

“…Ethylene, despite some conflicting reports, might also increase CW formation and stimulate cambial growth in tension wood [ 8 , 13 , 58 , 59 ]. In our study, ethylene response factors, such as ERF-1, ERF12, and ERF2, showed decreased activity in both CW and OW during the growing season.…”

“…These adaptations enable trees to resist environmental forces [ 11 , 12 ]. In gymnosperms, stem inclination triggers CW formation in the lower side with abundant lignin, through the induction of auxin and ethylene, and the reduction in jasmonic acid (JA) [ 13 ]. In contrast, TW formation in angiosperms has a high cellulose content and is formed in the upper side of an inclination of a stem [ 12 ].…”

Optimization of Biomass and Secondary Metabolite Production in Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. Adventitious Roots Culture by Using the Method of Subculture and Fed-batch Cultivation in a Bioreactor

“…For example, an IBA at high concentrations (5 mg/L) could reduce TPC and TFC (Jang et al 2012). Auxin saturation might inhibit flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in a specific location (Besseau et al 2007;Morales-Quintana and Ramos 2021). However, it is unclear if the exogenous IBA influenced the accumulation of secondary metabolites during periodical subcultures.…”