A taxonomy on misbehaving nodes in delay tolerant networks

Abstract

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are type of Intermittently Connected Networks (ICNs) featured by long delay, intermittent connectivity, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. DTNs have been primarily developed for InterPlanetary Networks (IPNs), however, have shown promising potential in challenged networks i.e. DakNet, ZebraNet, KioskNet and WiderNet. Due to unique nature of intermittent connectivity and long delay, DTNs face challenges in routing, key management, privacy, fragmentation and misbehaving nodes. Here, misbehaving nodes i.e. malicious and selfish nodes launch various attacks including flood, packet drop and fake packets attack, inevitably overuse scarce resources (e.g., buffer and bandwidth) in DTNs. The focus of this survey is on a review of misbehaving node attacks, and detection algorithms. We firstly classify various of attacks depending on the type of misbehaving nodes. Then, detection algorithms for these misbehaving nodes are categorized depending on preventive and detective based features. The panoramic view on misbehaving nodes and detection algorithms are further analyzed, evaluated mathematically through a number of performance metrics. Future directions guiding this topic are also presented.

E2-MACH: Energy efficient multi-attribute based clustering scheme for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks

“…WSNs usually operate in crucial applications such as dealing with sensitive information in real time; therefore, they should communicate BS with lesser delay, high efficiency, and minimum utilization of energy. To achieve these goals, many clustering techniques have been proposed in the literature, [5][6][7]15,[21][22][23][24][25][26] including solutions for traditional as well as energy harvesting enabled WSNs. Some state of the art and recent studies are discussed below.…”

Trust-based energy-efficient routing protocol for Internet of things–based sensor networks

“…16,17 WSN can serve as a platform for many other domains such as measurement of important environmental parameters (humidity, temperature, light, pressure and so on) in smart agriculture, secure and reliable communication, military applications and monitoring, medicine and healthcare, different types of industries, traffic surveillance and so on. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] There are severe threats and technical challenges to WSNs that must be overcome to ensure adaptation and diffusion of it. Most of the limitations of WSNs are due to its resource constraint objects nature.…”

Beacon trust management system and fake data detection in vehicular ad‐hoc networks

“…Beacon messages lead to presence of vehicle in VANETs while safety messages are broadcast in situation of event occurrence [8–10]. The emergency electronic brake light, slow/stop vehicle advisor (SVA), cooperative collision warning, road hazard notification (RHN) and post‐crash notification (PCN) are known safety alerts [11–15]. However, VANETs communication is vulnerable to various attacks because of unique characteristics from other networks.…”