A theoretical and experimental study of extinguishing compressed air foam on an n-heptane storage tank fire with variable fuel thickness

Wang, Kun; Fang, Jun; Shah, Hassan Raza; Mu, Shanjun; Lang, Xuqing; Wang, Jingwu; Zhang, Yongming

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.03.011

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…At the same time, the SO 2 also appeared a surge after the application of foams, as the increase of oxygen concentration intensified the combustion in a short time. 31 Among the three foams, S foam produced the highest instantaneous emission of SO 2 of 58 ppm, being 18.4% and 52.6% higher compared to AFFF and FP foam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire

Zhang¹,

Shang²,

Zhou

et al. 2022

Journal of Fire Sciences

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In this study, aqueous film-forming foam, fluoroprotein foam, and synthetic foam were applied to extinguish the transformer oil pool fires. The fire-extinguishing performance and burn-back resistance were investigated using a laboratory fire-extinguishing system. Moreover, the emission products were analyzed to evaluate the gas-phase pollution characteristics. Results show that aqueous film-forming foam presents the highest fire-extinguishing efficiency, while fluoroprotein foam has the best burn-back performance. Flue gas and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer analyses demonstrate that the use of fluoroprotein foam results in much higher CO emissions than other foams, and the pollutants are mainly from various hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion of transformer oil. Synthetic foam and aqueous film-forming foam lead to higher SO2 and NO emissions, and pollutants are mainly dominated by alcohols and ethers. Noteworthily, when using aqueous film-forming foam to extinguish oil pool fire, a persistent organic pollutant, perfluorooctanoic acid, is detected in the gas phase.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A surge in HRR may occur at the start of spraying, which is due to the rupture of bubbles at the moment of contact between the foam droplets and the high temperature flame, increasing the oxygen concentration and promoting the combustion of the oil fire. 31 The HRR eventually dropped to zero as the flame in the oil pan was completely extinguished.…”

Section: Hrrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire

Zhang¹,

Shang²,

Zhou

et al. 2022

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Найбільший час гасіння спостерігався для сухої піни і складав 100 секунд. Авторами [8] було досліджено фізико-хімічні властивості компресійної піни під час гасіння пожежі в резервуарі з рідким паливом на основі механізму керування швидкістю горіння. Було виявлено, що при використанні фтор вуглеводних поверхнево-активних речовин, піні притаманна збільшена товщина плівки і нижчий коефіцієнт дифузії.…”

Section: а) б)unclassified

Analysis of Ways to Increase the Efficiency of Compressed Air Foam for Extinguishing Solid Materials

Shakhov

Vinogradov

Gruschenko

2023

MEC

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Conduct an analysis of scientific periodicals regarding the use and improvement of the fire extinguishing efficiency of compression foam. The work was carried out on the basis of the analysis of scientific periodicals, experimental studies of scientists from the European Union, the USA, China and other countries, the results of which were presented in scientific publications, conferences and reports. Conclusions. An analysis of scientific publications devoted to the use of compression foam in firefighting and increasing its fire-fighting efficiency was carried out. It was found that the majority of research is aimed at studying the fire-extinguishing effectiveness of compression foam when extinguishing flammable liquids. In turn, there are studies devoted to increasing the fire-fighting efficiency of compression foam by varying the multiplicity and concentration of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent, changing the ratio of air/foaming agent solution, and the use of various types of foaming agents when extinguishing fires of solid combustible materials. To date, there are no studies aimed at increasing the efficiency of compression foam by adding modified additives to its composition. The result of the research is the identification of ways to increase the efficiency of compression foam today, due to which the direction of further research aimed at increasing the fire-extinguishing efficiency of the foam in other ways is revealed. The practical value lies in solving the actual problem of fire safety, namely increasing the efficiency of extinguishing fires of solid combustible substances, due to the use of compression foam. Thanks to the results of the analysis of further development, effective use of compression foam is acquired, the fire-extinguishing capacity of which can be increased by using modified additives in its composition. This provides an opportunity to expand the mechanisms of influence of the fire-extinguishing effect of compression foam on the burning process of solid combustible materials. Keywords: modified additives, compressed air foam, fire extinguishing, civil safety, fire safety.

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“…A CAFS is an effective approach to large-scale fires, and it uses a compressed air and foam solution to generate compressed air foam. The foam solution is usually composed of 97% water and 3% aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) to reduce the surface tension of water and then mix foam solution with compressed air [5]. The compressed air foam is light and porous, and it can expand the volume of air in the form of foam to increase the area covering the fire, but the use of a large compressor limits its application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Mixing Mechanism and Parameter Optimization of Liquid Nitrogen Foam Generator

et al. 2022

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Nitrogen foam is expected to be an effective method to extinguish large-scale fires and suppress explosions. The key to its foaming process is that gas nitrogen (N2) and a foam solution are mixed uniformly in a foam generator. Moreover, liquid nitrogen (LN2) has been proposed as a source of gas nitrogen to generate nitrogen foam in previous experimental works. In this paper, the flow and heat transfer characteristics between liquid nitrogen and the foam solution are explored by numerical methods, which are then utilized to optimize the parameters of the foam generator. It is found that the flow pattern of the foam generator with a cone spoiler is a stratified flow by establishing the mixture and Lee’s evaporation-condensation model in ANSYS Fluent. Moreover, the spoiler in the foam generator plays a crucial role in breaking LN2 into droplets and increasing the contact area between phases, and a distance of 10 mm from the inlets to the spoiler is recommended. From previous results, an unreasonable flow rate ratio of LN2 to a foam solution may lead to icing or a low volume fraction of nitrogen, thus a flow rate ratio of 1:50 is determined in the foam generator. As for the shape of the spoiler, the spiral spoiler shows the best foaming performance compared to cone and semisphere spoilers, due to its fluid rotation instead of translation, which effectively increases the N2 volume fraction of foam from 0.616 to 0.717. Therefore, the mixing characteristics of the foam generator in this work lays a foundation for devising a practical nitrogen foam generator.

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A theoretical and experimental study of extinguishing compressed air foam on an n-heptane storage tank fire with variable fuel thickness

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire

Fire-extinguishing performance and gas-phase pollution characteristics of different foam agents in extinguishing transformer oil pool fire

Analysis of Ways to Increase the Efficiency of Compressed Air Foam for Extinguishing Solid Materials

Research on the Mixing Mechanism and Parameter Optimization of Liquid Nitrogen Foam Generator

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