A Time Bomb for Global Trade: Maritime-related Terrorism in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction

Richardson, Michael

doi:10.1080/07266472.2004.10878730

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This implies terrorist activities may exert some positive effects in countries with the highest levels of iron ore exports. The causality flowing from terrorism to iron ore exports is broadly consistent with the results of De Sousa et al (2009ab), Richardson (2004) and Nitsch and Schumacher (2004) on the terrorism-trade nexus discussed in the literature. A logical explanation for this unexpected positive effect is that countries with the highest levels of iron ore exports may be inclined to increase production in an attempt to boost the much needed government revenue essential for combating rising terrorism.…”

Section: Further Discussion and Policy Implicationssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Moreover, motivated by the Choi (2015) recommendation (on the imperative for more policy variables), two main foreign aid variables are employed to avail room for more policy implications, notably: bilateral and multilateral aid. Based on the established evidence that terrorism reduces trade openness (Richardson, 2004;De Sousa et al, 2009ab), the intuition for involving development assistance is essentially to investigate whether foreign aid can reduce a hypothetically negative 'iron ore exports'-terrorism nexus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We lay emphasis on natural resources because the recent growth resurgence in most developing countries has been established to be resource-driven (Amavilah, 2015). Therefore, we employ an export-specific trade category: (i) following Piazza (2011Piazza ( , 2012 and (ii) opposed to Nitsch and Schumacher (2004), Richardson (2004) and De Sousa et al (2009ab).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four main studies are noteworthy in the first strand on the impact of terrorism on trade. They are: (1) Security measures administered in the United States after the 11 th of September 2001 terrorist attacks; essential to mitigate the unappealing effects of terrorism on world trade (Richardson, 2004), (2) Nitsch and Schumacher (2004) have examined the impact of terrorism and welfare on trade by employing an augmented gravity model on 200 nations for the period 1960-1993. Using a plethora of violence, bilateral trade and terrorism variables, the authors conclude that trade openness is negatively affected by terrorism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditional Linkages Between Iron Ore Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism

Asongu

Nwachukwu

2016

SSRN Journal

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We employ interactive quantile regressions to assess conditional linkages between foreign aid, iron ore exports and terrorism from a panel of 78 developing countries for the period 1984-2008. The following main findings are established. First, it is primarily in the countries with the highest level of iron ore exports that terrorism affects exports. Second, bilateral aid has an impact on iron ore exports, while the evidence for such a relationship between multilateral aid and iron ore exports is limited. Third, there is limited support for the main hypothesis motivating this line of inquiry, notably that foreign aid can be used to mitigate a potentially negative effect of terrorism on resource exports. The results suggest that bilateral aid is more relevant at mitigating the negative effects of domestic and total terrorism on iron ore exports.JEL Classification: F40; F23; F35;Q34 ; O40

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Section: Further Discussion and Policy Implicationssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditional Linkages Between Iron Ore Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism

Asongu

Nwachukwu

2016

SSRN Journal

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“…Seventeen sailors were killed and 40 wounded, with estimated damages of US$250 million to the ship. 79 Six men, all of whom fought in Afghanistan against the Soviets, were arrested for the attack. Intelligence gained from this arrest led to a missile attack by the US on 5 November 2002 from a Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on a vehicle driven by Al Qaeda operatives.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extent of Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: A Comparative Analysis

Joubert

2013

scim

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Political and socio-economic factors led to the resurrection of piracy during the 1970s. By 1983, the problem became alarming, leading to the adoption of anti-piracy measures by the international community. During the same period, maritime terrorist attacks increased, although incidents remained localised. As insurgent movements fought on land to gain independence from former colonial governments, terrorist actions spilled into the maritime domain. The attacks on the USS Cole in 2000 and on the French-registered oil tanker, Limburg, in 2002 coupled with the terrorist attacks on the United States of America (US) on 11 September 2001 (9/11), created fear that a captured ship could be used as a delivery platform for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or that a ship with dangerous cargo could be used as a weapon. No exclusively maritime terrorist organisations exist today. Maritime terrorism is only one of the areas of operation for terrorist organisations. Links between maritime pirates and terrorists are also limited, as the objectives of these organisations differ. Pirates have financial motives, while terrorists have political motives. Although cooperation between these groups is unlikely, it is not impossible and could be dangerous especially in vulnerable areas such as the coast of Somalia, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

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Selenium as an adjuvant for modification of radiation response

Farhood

Mortezaee

Motevaseli

et al. 2019

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Ionizing radiation plays a central role in several medical and industrial purposes. In spite of the beneficial effects of ionizing radiation, there are some concerns related to accidental exposure that could pose a threat to the lives of exposed people. This issue is also very critical for triage of injured people in a possible terror event or nuclear disaster. The most common side effects of ionizing radiation are experienced in cancer patients who had undergone radiotherapy. For complete eradication of tumors, there is a need for high doses of ionizing radiation. However, these high doses lead to severe toxicities in adjacent organs. Management of normal tissue toxicity may be achieved via modulation of radiation responses in both normal and malignant cells. It has been suggested that treatment of patients with some adjuvant agents may be useful for amelioration of radiation toxicity or sensitization of tumor cells. However, there are always some concerns for possible severe toxicities and protection of tumor cells, which in turn affect radiotherapy outcomes. Selenium is a trace element in the body that has shown potent antioxidant and radioprotective effects for many years. Selenium can potently stimulate antioxidant defense of cells, especially via upregulation of glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase activity. Some studies in recent years have shown that selenium is able to mitigate radiation toxicity when administered after exposure. These studies suggest that selenium may be a useful radiomitigator for an accidental radiation event. Molecular and cellular studies have revealed that selenium protects different normal cells against radiation, while it may sensitize tumor cells. These differential effects of selenium have also been revealed in some clinical studies. In the present study, we aimed to review the radiomitigative and radioprotective effects of selenium on normal cells/tissues, as well as its radiosensitive effect on cancer cells.

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A Time Bomb for Global Trade: Maritime-related Terrorism in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Conditional Linkages Between Iron Ore Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism

Conditional Linkages Between Iron Ore Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism

The Extent of Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: A Comparative Analysis

Selenium as an adjuvant for modification of radiation response

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