A two steps enzymatic procedure to obtain sterol esters, tocopherols and fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate

Recovery of Phytosterols from Waste Residue of Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate

“…Many methods have been proposed especially to recover phytosterols or FASEs from the deodorizer distillate. Torres et al (2007) reported that a two step enzymatic procedure could be used to obtain FASEs and FAMEs from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Two enzymatic steps were used to separate sterols esterification and ethyl esterification.…”

Extraction and Enzymatic Modification of Functional Lipids from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate

“…It is then possible to optimize each of these reactions independently, thereby minimizing costs or improving the yield of the desired final reaction products. This is precisely the procedure carried out by Torres and coworkers (Torres, 2007), who proposed a two-step enzymatic procedure to obtain FASEs, tocopherols, and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) from SODD. Firstly, SODD was mixed with oleic acid to reduce its melting point and to enhance the free phytosterols esterification.…”

“…However, enzymatic conversion of FFAs to FAMEs or FAEEs is carry out frequently in the presence of Candida antactica lipase or Alcalygenes sp. (Torres, 2007), (Nagao et al, 2005). In the following paragraphs some examples of methodologies using enzymes in the pretreatment of SODD are described.…”

“…Squalene was completely recovered in top phase. Torres and coworkers (Torres, 2007) proposed a two-step enzymatic procedure to obtain FASEs, tocopherols, and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) from SODD, together with minor amounts of squalene, free fatty acids, free sterols and triacylglycerols. The final product obtained was used as starting material to purify FASEs, tocopherols, and FAEEs via supercritical CO 2 extraction The phytosterol esters were then purified from this mixture using supercritical carbon dioxide (Torres, 2009).…”

“…Alternatively, enzymatic esterification of the sterols with the fatty acids already present in the deodorizer sludge makes the separation of tocopherols and sterols simpler using short-path distillation or supercritical fluid extraction (Shimada et al, 2000). However, short path distillation , supercritical fluid extraction (Chang et al, 2000), and enzymatic modifications (Torres et al, 2007) have been also utilized independently on soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Therefore, these three technologies will be analyzed and discussed on the present chapter to evaluate the feasibility of these procedures for the valorization of side-stream products obtained during refining of soybean oil.…”