“…As Fe3O4 nanoparticle and AOA are tens of thousands of times less expensive than monoclonal antibodies used in traditional sandwich immunoassays, and the total analysis time of the assay was less than 1 h, the current method affords promise as a biosensor platform that can be adapted for portable and cost-effective detection applications. In a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or the immuno-based SERS detection of melamine, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are inevitably used to establish the assay [14,27,28]. In comparison with commercial Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, 5-aminoorotic acid, and Au nanoparticles, these antibodies are often tens of thousands of times more expensive and require careful handling and disposal because they are sensitive to temperature and pH value.…”