“…1d) is particularly difficult, thereby leading to limitations in the diversity of animal subjects that can be studied effectively. Although certain devices with implantable microscale probes for recording and stimulation can be made fully wireless by using head stages to house battery packs and electronics 59,[70][71][72] , the use of percutaneous connections exposes the animals to risks of infection and requires the recharging or replacement of batteries and hence frequent human interactions.…”