“…Abl-family kinases are stimulated by a variety of upstream stimuli, including growth factors (Furstoss et al, 2002;Plattner et al, 2003;Plattner et al, 1999;Plattner et al, 2004), cellmatrix and cell-cell adhesion (Hernandez et al, 2004;Huang et al, 2008;Lewis et al, 1996;Renshaw et al, 2000;Zandy et al, 2007), DNA damage (Kharbanda et al, 1995), oxidative stress (Cao et al, 2001;Sun et al, 2000), and bacterial invasion (Backert et al, 2008;Burton et al, 2005;Newsome et al, 2006;Poppe et al, 2007;Tammer et al, 2007). Exciting recent work has identified several mechanisms that involve both receptors and soluble proteins that enhance Abl and Arg kinase activity, and these are discussed below.…”