Absence of Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Wasp Genus Asobara (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

In Drosophila, diet is considered a prominent factor shaping the associated bacterial community. However, the host population background (e.g. genotype, geographical origin and founder effects) is a factor that may also exert a significant influence and is often overlooked. To test for population background effects, we characterized the bacterial communities in larvae of six genetically differentiated and geographically distant D. melanogaster lines collected from natural populations across Europe. The diet for these six lines had been identical for ca. 50 generations, thus any differences in the composition of the microbiome originates from the host populations. We also investigated whether induced shifts in the microbiome—in this case by controlled antibiotic administration—alters the hosts’ resistance to parasitism. Our data revealed a clear signature of population background on the diversity and composition of D. melanogaster microbiome that differed across lines, even after hosts had been maintained at the same diet and laboratory conditions for over 4 years. In particular, the number of bacterial OTUs per line ranged from 8 to 39 OTUs. Each line harboured 2 to 28 unique OTUs, and OTUs that were highly abundant in some lines were entirely missing in others. Moreover, we found that the response to antibiotic treatment differed among the lines and significantly altered the host resistance to the parasitoid Asobara tabida in one of the six lines. Wolbachia, a widespread intracellular endosymbiont associated with parasitoid resistance, was lacking in this line, suggesting that other components of the Drosophila microbiome caused a change in host resistance. Collectively, our results revealed that lines that originate from different population backgrounds show significant differences in the established Drosophila microbiome, outpacing the long-term effect of diet. Perturbations on these naturally assembled microbiomes to some degree influenced the hosts’ resistance against natural parasites.

show abstract

“…tabida strain TMS to test D . melanogaster resistance to parasitoids [47]. The parasitoid wasps were reared on a low resistant line of D .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Communities Differ among Drosophila melanogaster Populations and Affect Host Resistance against Parasitoids

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…MEGISD species can only have PI if the maternal imprint that prevents female development is not copied during gamete duplication or the endosymbionts remove it before or after diploidization. The mode of sex determination and diploidization are mutually informative on each other: in Lepidoptera clavipes and Trichagramma kaykai , PI occurs by gamete duplication and CSD is excluded as sex determination [Schilthuizen et al, 1998;Pannebakker et al, 2004;Tulgetske, 2010], in Asobara japonica CSD is absent and diploidization could occur via gamete duplication [Kremer et al, 2009;Ma et al, 2013], and in Encarsia hispida feminization of diploid males can occur under MEGISD if Cardinium removes the imprint [Giorgini et al, 2009]. mite B. praetiosa and the parasitoid wasp N. formosa Adachi-Hagimori et al, 2008].…”

Section: Interaction Between Pi Endosymbionts and Host Haplodiploid Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of Arthropod Sex Determination by Endosymbionts: Diversity and Molecular Mechanisms

Vavre

Beukeboom

2013

Sex Dev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Arthropods exhibit a large variety of sex determination systems both at the chromosomal and molecular level. Male heterogamety, female heterogamety, and haplodiploidy occur frequently, but partially different genes are involved. Endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia, Cardinium,Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma, can manipulate host reproduction and sex determination. Four major reproductive manipulation types are distinguished: cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, male killing, and feminization. In this review, the effects of these manipulation types and how they interfere with arthropod sex determination in terms of host developmental timing, alteration of sex determination, and modification of sexual differentiation pathways are summarized. Transitions between different manipulation types occur frequently which suggests that they are based on similar molecular processes. It is also discussed how mechanisms of reproductive manipulation and host sex determination can be informative on each other, with a special focus on haplodiploidy. Future directions on how the study of endosymbiotic manipulation of host reproduction can be key to further studies of arthropod sex determination are shown.

show abstract

“…It is worth considering whether such dynamics could possibly be used as a window of opportunity to study sex determination. It is difficult and labor-intensive, for example, to experimentally distinguish non-CSD mechanisms of sex determination from ml-CSD, because many generations of inbreeding are required to achieve a level of homozygosity that allows ruling out CSD involving several loci based on the lack of diploid males among inbred offspring [Cook, 1993;de Boer et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2013]. In principle, complete homozygosity could be achieved more quickly if it was possible to introduce a strain of PI-Wolbachia that induces thelytoky by gamete duplication in the species under investigation.…”

Section: Thelytoky As a Window Of Opportunity To Study Sex Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thelytoky and Sex Determination in the Hymenoptera: Mutual Constraints

Vorburger¹

2013

Sex Dev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Hymenoptera show a high propensity for transitions from arrhenotokous reproduction (diploid females develop from fertilized eggs, haploid males from unfertilized eggs) to thelytokous reproduction (diploid females develop from unfertilized eggs). However, the evolution of thelytoky is frequently constrained by the sex determination system. Under the ancestral system, complementary sex determination (CSD), the constraint results from the production of diploid males by thelytokous females. The magnitude of this constraint depends on the cytological mechanism of thelytoky, determining the rate at which thelytokous lines lose heterozygosity and on whether a single locus or multiple loci are involved in CSD. In this review, it is discussed how diploid male production in the case of CSD or other constraints in the case of alternative sex determination systems may impede transitions to thelytoky, but it is also shown that under particular (and presumably rare) circumstances the production of diploid males will promote rather than hamper the evolution of thelytoky. Furthermore, constraints between the evolution of thelytoky and sex determination may be mutual, because once thelytoky has evolved, it can impact on sex determination. Finally, researchers are encouraged to exploit the frequent occurrence of thelytoky as an opportunity to learn more about the mechanisms of sex determination in the Hymenoptera.

show abstract

Absence of Complementary Sex Determination in the Parasitoid Wasp Genus Asobara (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Cited by 21 publications

References 53 publications

Bacterial Communities Differ among Drosophila melanogaster Populations and Affect Host Resistance against Parasitoids

Bacterial Communities Differ among Drosophila melanogaster Populations and Affect Host Resistance against Parasitoids

Manipulation of Arthropod Sex Determination by Endosymbionts: Diversity and Molecular Mechanisms

Thelytoky and Sex Determination in the Hymenoptera: Mutual Constraints

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About