“…7 appears when the DC voltage sweeps through 11.3 V. In our experiment, we observed a deep valley (i.e., a sharp absorption peak) when the voltage was swept from low to high values, and a shallow valley during the sweep from high to low values. This lack of symmetry arises from nonlinear terms that appear in the equation for ion motion in the z-axis direction, which is in the form of a forced harmonic oscillator equation [17] Here, γ 2 is the reciprocal of the ions' coherence time, Γ is a coefficient that corrects for the fact that the electrodes' cross section is hyperbolic in shape, which according to the calculations of Gaboriaud and colleagues, is 0.85 to good accuracy [18], m is the ion mass, v 1 is the rf voltage generated at the top of the LC tank circuit arising from voltage division of the rf probe oscillator voltage between the resistance R 0 and the LC tank circuit, and z 0 is half the distance between two end caps. "min" on the right-hand side of Fig.…”