It is challenging for adhesives to
adhere to tissues covered with
body fluids as the hydration layer hinders adhesive/tissue interfacial
interactions. Marine creature mussels can firmly adhere to underwater
reefs by the coacervate adhesive composed of mussel foot proteins
(Mfps). Inspired by these water-reinforceable Mfps extruded from byssus,
an injectable and water-reinforceable tissue adhesive (WrITA) was
developed in this work. It is composed of poly(acrylic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (poly(AAc-co-NVP)),
tannic acid conjugated poly(lipoic acid) (TA-c-PLA), and polyethylenimine.
Upon contacting with water, hydrophobic PLA chains of TA-c-PLA in
WrITA formed a self-associated cross-linking point, which induced
contraction of the poly(AAc-co-NVP) network due to
multiple hydrogen bonds between TA and poly(AAc-co-NVP) chains. In this process, the cohesive strength of the adhesive
was enhanced, which could provide a tough base for durable underwater
tissue adhesion. In underwater adhesion, the hydrophobic PLA chains
could evict interfacial water to facilitate the interfacial adhesion
via electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. WrITA could form
tight adhesion to the tissue in minutes. Its lap-shear adhesion strength
reached 87 kPa after 3 min of curing but increased and remained at
100 kPa after 3 h on porcine skin underwater. In addition, its bursting
pressure on porcine skin was up to 1912 mmHg. In addition to the strong
underwater tissue adhesion, it also had superior antibacterial and
antioxidant activity, as well as cytocompatibility. The easy-to-use
and safe WrITA may meet the need for quick deployment underwater in
diverse biomedical applications.