Acai seed ash as a novel basic heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: Optimization of the biodiesel production process

Mares, Érica Karine Lourenço; Gonçalves, Matheus Arrais; Luz, Patrícia Teresa Souza da; Filho, Geraldo Narciso da Rocha; Zamian, José Roberto; Conceição, Leyvison Rafael Vieira da

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120887

Cited by 77 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In particular, flamboyant pods-based supports functionalized and activated with KOH showed the best catalytic properties. is result corroborated the fact that the catalysts with a basic nature usually have higher catalytic activity in transesterification for a feedstock with low FFA like commercial safflower oil [21,25,29,35]. Acidic catalysts can improve their performance to produce FAME if more severe reaction conditions are employed (e.g., high reaction temperature, high alcohol to oil molar ratio, and long reaction time) [53].…”

Section: Analysis Of Preparation Conditions Of Heterogeneous Catalyst...mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In the case of biodiesel production, acidic and alkaline catalysts are preferred to enzymatic catalysts since their cost is lower and also offer a better catalytic performance; besides, enzymebased catalysts can be easily deactivated [21][22][23]. Acidic and alkaline heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized and analyzed [22][23][24][25][26], and results showed that catalyst selection mainly depends on the nature of the reacting oil. If the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil is low, alkaline catalysts are recommended because they can promote the highest conversion [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Characterization of Alkaline and Acidic Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Vegetable Oil Transesterification to Obtain Biodiesel

Díaz-Muñoz

Reynel-Ávila

Mendoza-Castillo

et al. 2022

International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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This paper reports the preparation, evaluation, and comparison of alkaline and acidic heterogeneous carbon-based catalysts in the transesterification of safflower oil with methanol to obtain biodiesel. These catalysts were obtained from the pyrolysis of flamboyant pods and their functionalization and activation with potassium hydroxide, citric acid, tartaric acid, sulfuric acid, and calcium nitrate. Different routes for the preparation of these catalysts were tested and analyzed where the FAME formation was the target variable to be improved. Results showed that the catalyst prepared with potassium hydroxide and calcium nitrate achieved the highest FAME formation (i.e., 95%) and outperformed the catalysts prepared with calcium nitrate and other acids even after four regeneration-reaction cycles. The best properties of an alkaline catalyst could be associated with its specific surface area and contents of potassium and calcium moieties, which were higher than those observed for acidic catalysts. Transesterification rates for biodiesel production were better estimated with the pseudo-order kinetic model, which ranged from 0.0004 to 0.038 L/mol⋅min for alkaline and acidic catalysts.

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Section: Analysis Of Preparation Conditions Of Heterogeneous Catalyst...mentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Alkaline and Acidic Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Vegetable Oil Transesterification to Obtain Biodiesel

Díaz-Muñoz

Reynel-Ávila

Mendoza-Castillo

et al. 2022

International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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“…Q2A was answered in groups, and the students analyzed the experimental conditions based on the available literature − and decided which independent variables are important to optimize the reaction: The majority choose reaction time and χ EtOH/C11CO2H (Figure SI-1). When asked how to judge if a reaction has reached equilibrium, the students showed satisfactory knowledge of the concept involved (concentrations do not change with t after equilibrium is reached) as shown by the following excerpt: “to monitor whether the reaction has reached equilibrium, we withdraw aliquots at selected t and analyze their composition (C 11 CO 2 H; C 11 CO 2 Et) by gas chromatography.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching the Undergraduate Laboratory During Pandemic Time: Using the Synthesis of a Biodiesel Model to Demonstrate Aspects of Green Chemistry

2021

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We report on a distance learning experimental project for chemistry-major students on the synthesis of ethyl dodecanoate (C11CO2Et), a model for biodiesel, considering green chemistry principles. Thus, we employed a recyclable acid catalyst (an ionic liquid) and used chemometrics and microwave heating (MW) to maximize reaction yield and reduce energy consumption. Acid-catalyzed esterification is an equilibrium that can be shifted to products by controlling reaction conditions. Of these, the students selected reaction time (t) and the molar ratio (ethanol/dodecanoic acid; χEtOH/C11CO2H); these were varied using the design of experiment (DOE) statistical method. We demonstrated that the C11CO2Et yield depends more on t than on χEtOH/C11CO2H. Relative to convection heating, the use of MW resulted in a better ester yield and less power consumption. To enhance the participation of the students, we stopped the video presentation of the experiment and asked them how to proceed to the next step (e.g., product separation; catalyst recycling). The students gave group seminars on themes related to green chemistry (nonconventional energy sources, recycling, etc.). This project introduces green chemistry principles in the undergraduate laboratory, while being safe and low-cost, and generates very little waste.

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“…The synthesized catalyst was employed in soybean oil based biodiesel generation. The highest biodiesel yield of 98.5% was achieved after 100 min maintaining M/O:18:1, temperature: 60 °C , and a catalyst amount of 12 wt% [39]. Again, the oxides and carbonates of different metals play important roles in providing active sites for reaction.…”

Section: Evolution and Development Of Agricultural Wastes-derived Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Agricultural Waste as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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In this modern era, it has become essential to transform waste materials into valuables because of their excessive availability, along with achieving the targets of environmental protocols and waste management policies. With a growing population, the utilization and consumption of agricultural products have been increased extensively. In addition, it has increased the probability of agricultural waste generation. Waste produced from agricultural sources is considered as a viable source for synthesizing economical and ecofriendly catalysts and suitable ways for its disposal are sought. This study is targeted at agricultural waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts, which have been effectively employed for biodiesel generation. The types of agricultural waste, catalyst synthesis techniques, recent literature stated for agricultural waste-derived catalysts to produce biodiesel, the elemental composition and catalytic activity of agricultural waste ashes, the effect of reaction parameters to maximize biodiesel yield and catalyst reusability have been discussed. This work concludes that catalysts derived from agricultural waste are efficient in transesterification reaction, and they are easy to produce, and are cheap and ecofriendly. Moreover, this study encourages researchers to see the options for unexplored agricultural waste, which can be potentially converted into useful materials

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Acai seed ash as a novel basic heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: Optimization of the biodiesel production process

Cited by 77 publications

References 56 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Alkaline and Acidic Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Vegetable Oil Transesterification to Obtain Biodiesel

Preparation and Characterization of Alkaline and Acidic Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Vegetable Oil Transesterification to Obtain Biodiesel

Teaching the Undergraduate Laboratory During Pandemic Time: Using the Synthesis of a Biodiesel Model to Demonstrate Aspects of Green Chemistry

Application of Agricultural Waste as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

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