Acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites

Abstract

The present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared by wet chemical method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent against the larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae); head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae); larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus, Grassi; and filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, Say (Diptera: Culicidae). R. microplus larvae were exposed to filter paper envelopes impregnated with different ZnO NP concentrations. Direct contact method was conducted to determine the potential of pediculocidal activity. Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of synthesized ZnO NPs for 24 h. The results suggested that the mortality effects of synthesized ZnO NPs were 43% at 1 h, 64% at 3 h, 78% at 6 h, and 100% after 12 h against R. microplus activity. In pediculocidal activity, the results showed that the optimal times for measuring mortality effects of synthesized ZnO NPs were 38% at 10 min, 71% at 30 min, 83% at 1 h, and 100% after 6 h against P. humanus capitis. One hundred percent lice mortality was observed at 10 mg/L treated for 6 h. The mortality was confirmed after 24 h of observation period. The larval mortality effects of synthesized ZnO NPs were 37%, 72%, 100% and 43%, 78% and 100% at 6, 12, and 24 h against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. It is apparent that the small size and corresponding large specific surface area of small nanometer-scale ZnO particles impose several effects that govern its parasitic action, which are size dependent. ZnO NPs were synthesized by wet chemical process, and it was characterized with the UV showing peak at 361 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra clearly shows that the diffraction peaks in the pattern indexed as the zinc oxide with lattice constants a = 3.249 and c = 5.206 Å. The FTIR spectrum showed the range of 400-4,000 cm(-1). The band at 899.56 cm(-1); 1,151.87 cm(-1); 1,396 cm(-1); and these bands showed the complete composition of ZnO NPs. SEM micrograph showed 60-120-nm size and aggregates of spherical shape nanoparticles. EDX showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized nanoparticles of zinc oxide. The maximum efficacy was observed in zinc oxide against the R. microplus, P. humanus capitis, and the larvae of A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus with LC(50) values of 29.14, 11.80, 11.14, and 12.39 mg/L; r (2) = 0.805, 0.876, 0.894, and 0.904, respectively. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed the LC(50) and r (2) values against the R. microplus (13.41 mg/L; 0.982), P. humanus capitis (11.80 mg/L; 0.966), and the larvae of A. subpictus (3.19; 0.945 mg/L), against C. quinquefasciatus (4.87 mg/L; 0.970), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. This is the first report on anti-parasitic activity of the synthesized ZnO NPs.

Toxicity on Dengue Mosquito Vectors Through Myristica fragrans-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanorods, and Their Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells (HepG2)

“…Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were toxic to Rhipicephalus microplus and Pediculus humanus capitis and the larvae of Aedes subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus showed LC 50 values of 29.14, 11.80, 11.14, and 12.39 mg/L, respectively [33].…”

Biosynthesis of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using Pichia fermentans JA2 and their antimicrobial property

“…0.1 g of zinc oxide was added to 250 ml of Erlenmeyer flasks containing deionized water followed by 1 % Pichia fermentans JA2 culture supernatant (Prasad and Jha 2009;Kirthi et al 2011). The flask was further incubated at 37°C under agitation (200 rpm) for 24-48 h.…”

Insecticidal effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Beauveria bassiana TS11 on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

“…Acaricidal, licicidal and larvicidal activities of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on blood -feeding parasitesRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer,1767), Anopheles subpictus (Grassi, 1899) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) revealed an increase in mortality when concentration increased; moreover, considering optimal time for lethal effects of ZnO nanoparticles after 24 hours, it was 100 % proved. In the comparison made between acaricidal, licicidal and larvicidal activities of zinc oxides and the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, the mortality effect of ZnO nanoparticles was significant (Kirthi et al, 2011). Rouhani et al (2012) (Burckhardt and Lauterer, 1989)) and found out a greater insecticidal effect of Amitraz than the above nanoparticles.…”

“…Application of nanomaterials can revolutionize agriculture by developing potential and effective methods for pest management (Rai and Ingle, 2012). Some studies have reported the toxic effects of metal nanoparticles (such as silver, zinc, aluminum, and titanium oxide) on plants, crustaceans, bacteria, fungi, pathogens and pests (Elchiguerra et al, 2005;Goswami et al, 2010;Kairyte et al, 2013;Kirthi et al, 2011;Manzo et al, 2011;Morones et al, 2005;Reddy et al, 2007;Rouhani et al, 2012;Samuel and Guggenbichler 2004). Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle is best-known compound (Mitra et al, 2012) commonly used as agricultural fungicide (Waxman 1998).…”