Acaricide resistance and novel photosensitizing approach as alternative acaricides against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii

Abstract

The control of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii is very crucial. This study evaluated the novel toxicity of photosensitizers and Phoxim insecticide against H. dromedarii males using the adult immersion tests. Ticks were subjected to sunlight for 10 min post-treatment (PT). The optical characters of the applied materials were determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy (250–900 nm wavelengths). The intensity of spectra decreased as dye concentration decreased. The optical bandgap energies of the dyes at different concentrations were not changed as the concentration changed and decreased as the absorption peak of individual dyes red-shifted. The mortalities 72 h PT reached 42.2%, 44.4%, 51.1%, 71.1%, 46.7%, 48.9%, 44.4%, and 55.6% for chlorophyllin, echinochrome, field stain, methylene blue, phthalocyanine, rhodamine 6G, riboflavin, and safranin, respectively. Methylene blue recorded the highest median lethal concentration (LC50 = 127 ppm) followed by safranin, field stain, rhodamine 6G, phthalocyanine, echinochrome riboflavin, and chlorophyllin (LC50 = 209, 251, 271, 303, 324, 332, and 362 ppm, respectively, 72 h PT). Their median lethal time, LT50, values PT with 240 ppm were 45, 87, 96, 72, 129, 115, 131, and 137 h, respectively. The relative toxicities of the LC50 values 72 h PT showed that chlorophyllin, echinochrome, field stain, methylene blue, phthalocyanine, rhodamine 6G, riboflavin, and safranin were 3.2, 3.6, 4.6, 9.1, 3.8, 4.3, 3.5, and 5.6 times, respectively, more effective than Phoxim. Methylene blue, safranin, and field stain showed a broad absorbance area indicating a large photoactivity and better phototoxicity and could be used as alternative agents to synthetic acaricides. Graphical Abstract

Efficacy of Oil and Photosensitizer against Frankliniella occidentalis in Greenhouse Sweet Pepper

“…In their studies on bacteria, light was required to activate the photosensitizer and kill Rhodococcus fascians , Xanthomonas axonopodis and Erwinia amylovora . Additionally, no dark toxicity was observed for Chl, at concentrations required to kill insects, with light a critical requirement to activate the photosensitizer against the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch) [ 27 ]. It should be noted that we did not include a completely dark control because the WFT did not survive or feed well without any light.…”

Pathological Findings and Oxidative Stress Status Associated with Hydatidosis in Dromedary Camels

“…Moreover, Egypt is suited to a variety of cattle diseases due to its diverse environment and various agro-climatic zones. It has been stated that a wide range of different internal and exterior parasitic infections are the main problems influencing the health, productivity, and performance of domestic animals [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The parasite infestation can have negative economic and public health effects, with the most obvious economic loss resulting from the condemnation of viscera and sometimes carcasses, as well as lowered meat, wool, and milk production [ 13 , 14 ].…”

The Bioefficacy of Essential Oils against the False Stable Fly, Muscina stabulans (Harris) (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Recently, EOs are commercially used in food, agricultural, cosmetic, perfume, and pharmaceutical industries (Khater, 2017. Plant extracts, including essential oils, meritoriously control several illnesses and parasites (Khater & Shalaby, 2008;Roni et al, 2015;Seddiek et al, 2011Seddiek et al, , 2013Seddiek et al, , 2014Vaz et al, 2018;Iqbal et al, 2021;Abdel-Meguid et al, 2022;Abosalem et al, 2022;Mohamed et al, 2022;Abd Elgawad et al, 2023;Altaf et al, 2023).…”