Access to cigarettes by young New Zealand smokers: little change from 2000 to 2008

Marsh, Louise; Gray, Andrew; McGee, Rob; Newcombe, Rhiannon; Patterson, Rose

doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00909.x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Monitoring and enforcement was largely unreported in the literature (52% and 50% respectively). Of those that did report on monitoring ( n = 43), 39 had some form of monitoring present (comprehensive [ 23 , 26 , 31 – 34 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 45 – 47 , 56 , 59 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 70 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 88 , 93 , 97 , 100 , 101 ]; partial [ 24 , 25 , 50 , 52 , 60 , 67 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 83 , 98 ]), and four simply stated that there was no monitoring mechanism in place [ 43 , 51 , 54 , 92 ]. Of those that did report on enforcement ( n = 46), 36 detailed some form of enforcement mechanism, and 9 state that no enforcement occurred [ 43 , 49 , 51 , 90 – 92 , 99 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

Heenan,

Hart,

Cullerton

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Context Public health law is an important tool in non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention. There are different approaches available for achieving policy objectives, including government, co-, quasi- and self-regulation. However, it is often unclear what legal design features drive successes or failures in particular contexts. This scoping review undertakes a descriptive analysis, exploring the design characteristics of legal instruments that have been used for NCD prevention and implemented and evaluated in OECD countries. Methods A scoping review was conducted across four health and legal databases (Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, HeinOnline), identifying study characteristics, legal characteristics and regulatory approaches, and reported outcomes. Included studies focused on regulation of tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy foods and beverages, and environmental pollutants. Findings We identified 111 relevant studies evaluating 126 legal instruments. Evaluation measures most commonly assessed implementation, compliance and changes to the built and lived environment. Few studies evaluated health or economic outcomes. When examining the design and governance mechanisms of the included legal instruments, government regulation was most commonly evaluated (n = 90) and most likely to be reported effective (64%). Self-regulation (n = 27) and quasi-regulation (n = 5) were almost always reported to be ineffective (93% and 100% respectively). There were few co-regulated instruments evaluated (n = 4) with mixed effectiveness. When examining public health risks, food and beverages including alcohol were more likely to be self- or quasi-regulated and reported as ineffective more often. In comparison, tobacco and environmental pollutants were more likely to have government mandated regulation. Many evaluations lacked critical information on regulatory design. Monitoring and enforcement of regulations was inconsistently reported, making it difficult to draw linkages to outcomes and reported effectiveness. Conclusions Food and alcohol regulation has tended to be less successful in part due to the strong reliance on self- and quasi-regulation. More work should be done in understanding how government regulation can be extended to these areas. Public health law evaluations are important for supporting government decision-making but must provide more detail of the design and implementation features of the instruments being evaluated – critical information for policy-makers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

Heenan,

Hart,

Cullerton

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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“…43 The potential drawbacks include that petrol stations also sell a range of unhealthy foods and beverages, and in many cases resemble a convenience store. There are a smaller number of petrol stations compared with current tobacco retailers, and of all the options examined in this paper, petrol stations provided rural communities with the best access.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although petrol stations are not R18 stores, they are not the usual source of tobacco supply for young people. 43 The potential drawbacks include that petrol stations also sell a range of unhealthy foods and beverages, and in many cases resemble a convenience store. This is the first study to examine the spatial characteristics of different tobacco retail reduction policy options for New Zealand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This age range was chosen because approximately one-third of current smokers aged 14 to 15 years are known to purchase cigarettes from retail stores. 18 The 2016/2017 New Zealand Health Survey reported 602,000 current smokers, defined as people aged 15 years and older who have smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and at the time of the survey were smoking at least once a month. 19 Secondary school data: A spatial layer of school locations was downloaded from the online data portal Koordinates.com.…”

Section: Identification Of Community Pharmaciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How would the tobacco retail landscape change if tobacco was only sold through liquor stores, petrol stations or pharmacies?

Marsh

Doscher

Cameron

et al. 2020

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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The authors have stated the following conflict of interest: Although we do not consider it a competing interest, for the sake of full transparency we note that authors have undertaken work for health sector agencies working in tobacco control. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractObjective: To examine the potential impact of tobacco being available only from pharmacies, only from liquor stores or only from petrol stations on the New Zealand tobacco retail landscape.Methods: Tobacco retailers and pharmacies were mapped using GIS. Comparisons were made between tobacco retailers and pharmacies. Simple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between outlet types and deprivation.Results: A total of 5,243 tobacco outlets, including liquor stores and petrol stations, and 1,035 pharmacies were identified. The density of all outlets was greater in areas of higher deprivation. The majority of tobacco retailers and pharmacies were located in urban areas. Outlets were mapped in relation to walking distances from secondary schools; significant differences between outlet types are presented. Conclusions:The policy options examined in this study would considerably reduce the overall availability of tobacco, decrease cues to smoke and reduce the density of tobacco sales around schools. However, inequities in availability would exist with access to tobacco in rural areas disproportionately reduced, and a positive sociodemographic gradient remaining.Implications for public health: Substantially reducing tobacco availability has been identified as a crucial tobacco control strategy. This study provides information on the impact of different policy options to support Smokefree 2025.

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“…These findings are particularly important, as Nigeria has recently passed the Nigeria Tobacco Control Bill (NTCB) banning the sale of cigarettes to people less than 18 years. Other countries like Italy, United states and New Zealand, have also reported challenges with implementing laws banning sales to minors even where they exist [19][20][21][22] . It behoves on the Nigerian government to put in place measures that will ensure that these laws are not merely enacted but appropriately enforced, otherwise the laws may not have the desired effects of protecting youth from the dangers of tobacco use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette purchase and accessibility among children in a developing country. A study among in-school youth in Lagos state, Nigeria.

Odukoya¹,

Onigbogi²,

Jacob³

et al. 2016

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains a significant public health challenge in many low and middleincome countries, including Nigeria. Cigarette accessibility drives experimentation and use. The objectives of this study were to assess the experiences of youth, regarding cigarette purchase and accessibility within their community. We were particularly interested in assessing their experiences with being sent on errands to purchase cigarettes by older persons within their community.METhODS We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study among 899 in-school youth less than 18 years of age using a multi-stage sampling method. Data was collected using self-administered pretested questionnaire and analysed with SPSS 17.0.RESULTS Study participants had a mean age of 13.9 + 1.9 years with a roughly equal male to female ratio. More than a third (36.6%) had been sent on an errand, to purchase cigarettes by an older person within the past year (86.6% never smokers; 13.4% ever-smokers). Of these, majority admitted that they proceeded on the errand as directed. Persons responsible for sending the minors on errands to purchase cigarettes were primarily older friends and neighbours within the community. Of those who had been sent on such errands, about half (51.4%) feared that they could be punished if they disobeyed. While attempting to purchase cigarettes, 59.2% admitted that no one had ever inquired about their age. Within the past year, about a third (33.6%) had successfully purchased cigarettes for older persons within the community. CONCLUSIONSIn implementing the national tobacco control policy, strategies to engage and educate the adults within the community must be prioritized. 2 Research ArticleTobacco Prevention & Cessation relatively easy to get, were more likely to become regular smokers compared with those who perceived cigarettes as more difficult to obtain 7,8 . Another study analysing youth tobacco access policies, compliance, and enforcement concluded that aggressive and comprehensive approaches to limiting youth access lead to significant reductions in youth smoking 9 . In order to reduce or eliminate tobacco use globally, the World Health Organization facilitated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first public health treaty endorsed by more than 180 countries worldwide, and also ratified by Nigerian Government 10 . Article 16 of the WHO FCTC treaty focuses on "Sales to and by children" and states that "parties should adopt and implement effective legislative, executive, administrative or other measures at the appropriate government level to prohibit the sales of tobacco products to persons under the age set by domestic law, national law or eighteen" 10. In May 2015, Nigeria passed the long awaited National Tobacco Control Bill (NTCB). This bill is an improvement on the previously enacted Tobacco Control Act (TCA) of 1990, which made no provisions for restrictions on sales to underage children 11 . The recently passed NTCB clearly prohibits the sale of cigarettes to and by children....

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Access to cigarettes by young New Zealand smokers: little change from 2000 to 2008

Abstract: Methods: Self-reports of young smokers' commercial sources of cigarettes, requests for proof of age and being refused a sale,

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

How would the tobacco retail landscape change if tobacco was only sold through liquor stores, petrol stations or pharmacies?

Cigarette purchase and accessibility among children in a developing country. A study among in-school youth in Lagos state, Nigeria.

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